1、Designation: D7549 14aD7549 15Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High OutputConditionsCaterpillar C13 Test Procedure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the test pr
3、ocedure describedin this test method. The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2 provides calibration and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratorywill know whether its use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtai
4、ned byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilizes the TMC servicesin seeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army has such arequirement in some of its engine oil specifications. Accordingly, this test method is written for
5、thoselaboratories that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services shouldignore those portions of the test method that refer to the TMC. Information letters2 issued periodicallyby the TMC may modify this test method. In addition the TMC may issue supplementary memorandar
6、elated to the test method.1. Scope*1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test procedure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oil performancewith regard to piston deposit formation, piston ring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustion environment designedto minimize ex
7、haust emissions. This test method is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13 Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.31.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 ExceptionsWhere there are no SI equivalent such as screw th
8、reads, National Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
9、regulatorylimitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point
10、of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dy
11、namic Viscosity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD0
12、2.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014April 1, 2015. Published October 2014April 2015. Originally published in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asD7549 14.D7549 14a. DOI: 10.1520/D7549-14A.10.1520/D7549-15.2 The ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes
13、 in this test method by means of Information Letters. This edition includes all information letters through No.132.141. Information Letters may be obtained by from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489, Attention: Administrator.3 Caterpillar Inc., Engine System
14、 Technology Development, PO Box 610, Mossville, IL 61552-0610.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website
15、.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior ed
16、itions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
17、59. United States1D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate FuelsD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in L
18、iquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Midd
19、le Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel Engine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4
20、294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination by Potentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Bas
21、e Oils by InductivelyCoupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)D5186 Test Method for Determination of theAromatic Content and PolynuclearAromatic Content of Diesel Fuels andAviationTurbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid ChromatographyD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Li
22、ght Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel EngineD6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator(S
23、LBOCLE)D6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1P TestProcedureD6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Dete
24、rmine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Other ASTM Document:ASTM Deposit Rating Manual 20 (formerly CRC Manual 20)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blind reference oil, na reference oil, the identity of which is unknown by the test facility.3.1
25、.1.1 DiscussionThis is a coded reference oil that is submitted by a source independent of the test facility. D41753.1.2 blowby, nin internal combustion engines, the combustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enter thecrankcase. D41753.1.3 calibrate, vto determine the indication or ou
26、tput of a measuring device with respect to that of a standard. D41753.1.4 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engine operation, characterized by average speeds, power output, and internaltemperatures that are close to the potential maximums. D41753.1.5 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion en
27、gine types, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at or closeto its peak output.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically installed in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, and construction equipment. D41753.1.6 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a reference o
28、il, such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candidate oil.D41753.1.7 non-standard test, na test that is not conducted in conformance with the requirements in the standard test method, suchrunning on an uncalibrated test stand, using different test equipment, applying different equipment a
29、ssembly procedures, or usingmodified operating conditions. D41753.1.8 reference oil, nan oil of known performance characteristics, used as a basis for comparison.5 For Stock #TMCMNL20, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM International Customer Service at serviceastm.org.D7549 1523.
30、1.8.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibrate testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, or to evaluate other materials (suchas seals) that interact with oils. D41753.1.9 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in an established procedure.3.1.9.1 DiscussionIt can be any
31、oil selected by the laboratory conducting the test. It could be an experimental product or a commercially availableoil. Often, it is an oil that is a candidate for approval against engine oil specifications (such as manufacturers or militaryspecifications, and so forth). D41753.1.10 wear, nthe loss
32、of material from a surface, generally occurring between two surfaces in relative motion, and resultingfrom mechanical or chemical action or a combination of both.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 overhead, nin internal combustion engines, the components of the valve train loca
33、ted in or above the cylinder head.3.2.2 tote, na container, smaller in capacity than a gallon.3.2.3 valve train, nin internal combustion engines, the series of components, such as valves, crossheads, rocker arms, pushrods and camshaft that open and close the intake and exhaust valves.3.3 Abbreviatio
34、ns and Acronyms:3.3.1 ACERTAdvanced Combustion Emission Reduction Technology3.3.2 ATGCaverage top groove carbon3.3.3 ATGCOaverage top groove carbon offset3.3.4 CARBCalifornia Air Resources Board3.3.5 CATacronym for Caterpillar3.3.6 CRCCoordinating Research Council3.3.7 DACAData Acquisition and Contr
35、ol Automation3.3.8 ECMengine control module3.3.9 EOTend of test3.3.10 HCheavy carbon3.3.11 IMPintake manifold pressure3.3.12 LClight carbon3.3.13 LTMSLubricant Test Monitoring System3.3.14 MCmedium carbon3.3.15 NPTNational Pipe Thread3.3.16 OCoil consumption3.3.17 P/Npart number3.3.18 QIquality inde
36、x3.3.19 RPTGCreference relative top groove carbon profile3.3.20 SDTGCOstandard deviation top groove carbon outlier3.3.21 TGCtop groove carbon3.3.22 ULSDultra low sulfur diesel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a Caterpillar production C13 diesel engine (see AnnexA3 for ordering infor
37、mation and list of enginebuild parts). Test operation includes a 60 min engine warm-up and break-in, followed by a 4 h cool down and valve lashadjustment.After the valve lash adjustment and any other needed adjustments, a 500 h test is begun. The engine is operated understeady-state, rated-power con
38、ditions known to generate excessive piston deposits or oil consumption or both in field service. Reportthe total engine oil consumption as the sum of the measured volumes in 50 h increments.4.2 Equip the test stand with the appropriate instrumentation to control engine speed, fuel flow, and other op
39、erating parameters.4.3 Determine the engine oil performance by assessing piston deposits and ring sticking, and oil consumption.D7549 1534.3.1 Prior to each test, clean and assemble the engine with new cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings, bearings and certain valvetrain components. All aspects of
40、 the assembly are specified. After the test, dismantle the engine and examine and rate the parts.4.3.2 A sample of engine oil is removed and an oil addition is made at the end of each 50 h period. The volume of the oiladdition is the sum of the volume of sample plus the volume of oil consumed by the
41、 engine.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method assesses the performance of an engine oil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenance ofoil consumption under heavy-duty operating conditions selected to accelerate deposit formation in a turbocharged, intercooledfour-stroke-cycle di
42、esel engine equipped with a combustion system that minimizes federally controlled exhaust gas emissions.5.2 The results from this test method may be compared against specification requirements to ascertain acceptance.5.3 The design of the test engine used in this test method is representative of man
43、y, but not all, diesel engines. This factor, alongwith the accelerated operating conditions, needs to be considered when comparing test results against specification requirements.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine Configuration:6.1.1 Test EngineThe test engine is a production 2004 Caterpillar 320 kW C13 en
44、gine, designed for heavy duty on-highwaytruck use. It is an electronically controlled, turbocharged, after-cooled, direct injected, six cylinder diesel engine with an in-blockcamshaft and a four-valve per cylinder arrangement. The engine uses CaterpillarsACERT technology featuring multiple injection
45、sper cycle and inlet valve actuation control. It features a 2004 US EPA emissions configuration with electronic control of fuelmetering, fuel injection timing and inlet valve actuation timing. Critical parts that can affect piston deposit formation are specifiedfor oil test engine use. See Annex A3
46、for source of the test engine and critical and non-critical parts.6.1.2 Oil Heat Exchanger and Oil Heat SystemReplace the standard Caterpillar oil heat exchanger core with a stainless stealcore, Caterpillar P/N 1Y-4026. Additionally install a remotely mounted heat exchanger. Control the oil temperat
47、ure with adedicated cooling loop and control system which is separate from the engine coolant (see Annex A12). Ensure that the oil coolerbypass valve is blocked closed.6.1.3 Oil Pan ModificationModify the oil pan as shown in A4.1.6.1.4 Engine Control Module (ECM)The ECM defines the desired engine fu
48、el timing and quantity. It also limits maximumengine speed and power. Caterpillar electronic governors are designed to maintain a speed indicated by the throttle position signal.Speed variation drives fuel demand (rack). Rack and engine speed are input to the injection duration and timing maps to de
49、termineduration and timing commands for the fuel injectors. Obtain special oil test engine control software (module P/N 250-6675-03)for correct maps. Contact the Caterpillar oil test representative through TMC for installation of this software. Use the Caterpillarengine technician (ET) service software package, version 2004B or later,6 to monitor engine parameters, flash software, and tochange power and injector trim values. Use the full dealer version purchased from a Caterpillar dealer with a yearly subscription.6.1.5 Cranks
