1、Designation: D7660 10 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forConducting Internal Pressure Tests on United Nations (UN)Packagings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7660; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized methodand a set of basic instructions for performing int
3、ernal andhydrostatic pressure testing on packaging designs.1.2 This guide provides information to help clarify variousterms used as part of the United Nations (UN) certificationprocess that may assist in determining the applicable test.1.3 This guide provides the suggested minimum informa-tion that
4、should be documented when conducting pressuretesting.1.4 This guide provides information for recommendedequipment and fittings for conducting pressure tests.1.5 This guide is based on the current information containedin 49 CFR, 173.27 and 178.605.1.6 When testing packaging designs intended for hazar
5、dousmaterials (dangerous goods), the user of this guide shall betrained in accordance with 49 CFR 172.700 and otherapplicable hazardous materials regulations such as the ICAOTechnical Instructions, IMDG Code, and carrier rules such asthe IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations.1.7 The values stated in SI u
6、nits are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and
7、environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International St
8、andards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials (Danger-ous Goods) PackagingsD4991 Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty RigidContainers
9、 by Vacuum Method2.2 Federal Standard:349 CFR U.S. Department of Transportation Code of FederalRegulations Title 49, Transportation Parts 100-1852.3 UN Standard:4UN United Nations Recommendations on the Transport ofDangerous Goods, Model Regulations2.4 IATA Standard:5IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations
10、2.5 ICAO Standard:6ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dan-gerous Goods by Air2.6 IMDG Standard:7IMDG Code International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bar, nmetric unit of atmospheric pressure equal to14.50 psi (lb/in.2), 1.02 kg/cm2, 29.53 in.-Hg
11、, or 0.9869atmosphere.3.1.2 hydrostatic pressure test, ninternal pressure testconducted on a container or packaging filled with water andpressurized with water or other suitable means; regulatory1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility o
12、f Subcommittee D10.22 on Hazardous Materials.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D766010. DOI:10.1520/D766010R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
13、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,Washington, DC 204029371, http:/phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat.4Available from the UN Eco
14、nomic Commission for Europe, InformationService, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, http:/www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm.5Available from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 800 PlaceVictoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, Quebec, H4Z 1M1, Canada, http:/www.iata.org.6A
15、vailable from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999University St., Montreal, Quebec, H3C 5H7, Canada, http:/www.icao.org.7Available from the International Marine Organization (IMO), 4 AlbertEmbankment, London, SE1 7SR, U.K., http:/www.imo.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
16、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recomm
17、endations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1reference sections: 49 CFR 178.605, UN 6.1.5.5, IMDG Code6.1.5.5, ICAO 6.4.5, and IATA 6.3.5.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis test is required for all single andcomposite packagings intended for shipping liquid dange
18、rousgoods (hazardous materials). For single and compositepackagings, the test pressure rating will appear as part of theUN specification marking sequence. This test may also be usedto comply with the pressure differential requirements for airtransportation (49 CFR 173.27) for inner packagings ofcomb
19、ination packagings intended for shipping liquid hazard-ous materials. For further discussion and clarification, refer tothe pressure differential section.3.1.3 inches-mercury, in.-Hg, npressure exerted by a2.54-cm high column of mercury that has a density of13.5951 gcm3when the acceleration of gravi
20、ty has the stan-dard value of 9.8 m/s2; used as a unit in the measurement ofatmospheric pressure. One in.-Hg is equal to 3.3864 kPa or0.491154 psi.3.1.4 kilopascal, kPa, nunit of pressure in the SI system ofinternational units, the primary, standard system used by theUnited Nationals (UN) and the U.
21、S. Department of Transpor-tation (DOT) throughout their respective regulations per 49CFR 171.10.3.1.4.1 DiscussionTo convert kPa to psi, multiply by0.14513 (95 kPa 0.14513 = 13.8 psi). For single andcomposite packagings, the test pressure rating will appear aspart of the UN specification marking seq
22、uence and shall beshown in kPa.3.1.5 leakproofness test, npressure test conducted on anempty container or packaging and pressurized with air or othersuitable means; regulatory reference sections: 49 CFR178.604, UN 6.1.5.4, IMDG Code 6.1.5.4, ICAO 6.4.4, andIATA 6.3.4.3.1.5.1 DiscussionAll packagings
23、 intended to containliquids, except the inner packagings of combinationpackagings, shall be capable of passing a leakproofness test.Methods to comply are outlined in Appendix B to Part 178 ofDOT, 49 CFR.3.1.5.2 DiscussionThe definition for leakproofness is pro-vided in this guide, but the test metho
24、ds will be addressed in aseparate standard.3.1.6 packagings, nreceptacles and any other componentsor materials necessary for the receptacle to perform its con-tainment function and includes nonbulk packagings and com-posite packagings and are: designed to contain a net mass notexceeding 400 kg; desi
25、gned with a capacity not exceeding 450L; not intended to transport most gases; not intended totransport infectious substances; not intended to transport mostradioactive materials; and not an intermediate bulk container(IBC) as defined in UN Recommendations 6.5.3.1.7 pounds per square inch, psi, nuni
26、t of measure in theEnglish measurement system.3.1.7.1 DiscussionTo convert psi to kPa, multiply by 6.89(13.8 psi 6.89 = 95 kPa).3.1.8 pressure differential test, ncombination packagingswith inner packagings containing liquid hazardous materialsshall be capable of meeting the pressure differential re
27、quire-ments for transport by air; regulatory reference sections: 49CFR 173.27(c), ICAO 4; 1.1.6, and IATA 5.0.2.9.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe pressure differential is intended toconsider both the reduced external pressure as a result ofchanges in altitude as well as increased internal pressure as aresult
28、of the vapor pressure of the hazardous materials in thepackage. To meet the pressure differential requirement, thefollowing tests may be used:(1) hydrostatic pressure, nThe hydrostatic pressure testmethod should be used for all nonrigid containers and innerpackagings. Nonrigid containers are those t
29、hat expand underpressure such as plastic bottles or vials and thin walled metalcontainers;(2) vacuum pressure, nThe vacuum pressure test is anappropriate method for rigid containers and inner packagings ifthe required test pressure (pressure differential) is 95 kPa orless. A container is considered
30、rigid if it does not volumetri-cally expand more than 0.5 % of its nonpressurized volume atambient temperature when subjected to an internal pressure of1 atmosphere (100 kPa) as specified in Test Method D4991.Rigid containers are those such as glass bottles and vials,earthenware, and plastic and met
31、al containers with thickerwalls that do not significantly expand under pressure.3.1.8.2 DiscussionThe appropriate pressure differentialtest method shall be validated to confirm the minimum requiredinternal pressure has been met.3.1.8.3 DiscussionThe vacuum pressure method shouldnot be used for “nonr
32、igid” or flexible containers. When aflexible packaging such as a plastic bag is subjected to avacuum test, the air (fill material) inside the bag will cause theflexible packaging to expand and, subsequently, the internalpressure will decrease. The pressure differential of the test isinversely relate
33、d to the volume increase of the sample;therefore, large volume increases detract from the severity ofthe test.3.1.9 torr, nunit of measure for the pressure exerted by 1mm of mercury equal to1760 th of standard atmosphericpressure; used to measure pressure in vacuum systems.3.1.9.1 DiscussionThe corr
34、esponding SI unit is the pascal(Pa). It is a unit of pressure that is equal to approximately1.316 103atmospheres or 133.3 Pa (0.1333 kPa).4. Significance and Use4.1 Dangerous goods (hazardous materials) regulations re-quire performance tests to be conducted on packaging designsbefore being authorize
35、d for use. The regulations do not includestandardized procedures for conducting performance tests and,because of this, may result in a non-uniform approach anddifferences in test results between testing facilities.4.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance and toestablish a set of common p
36、ractices for conducting internalpressure tests on packagings under going UN certificationtesting or packagings required to meet pressure capabilityrequirements. For more information on the UN certificationrequirements, refer to Guide D4919.5. Equipment5.1 Recommended Test Equipment :D7660 10 (2018)2
37、5.1.1 Appropriate Packaging Closing Equipment (Cali-brated as Applicable)Closing equipment such as torquewrench, torque meter, lid press, cover/closure crimping tools,and so forth to prepare the packaging as for transport.5.1.2 Water Supply Source:5.1.2.1 Water supply source system should be designe
38、d tominimize water pressure fluctuations during the test.5.1.2.2 The water source can be building supplied waterprovided fluctuations in pressure do not occur during the test.5.1.2.3 Recommended to have a separate water supply tankassembly. Air pressure may be used to pressurize the watersupply tank
39、 to provide adequate water pressure to the testsample. Refer to Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3.5.1.3 Regulator valve to maintain proper water pressure totest containers used to maintain an even pressure throughoutthe duration of the test.5.1.4 Manifold station to distribute water from water supplysource
40、 through the regulator to the test containers. Refer to Fig.1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3.5.1.5 Hose or hard piping as required.5.1.6 Pressure gauge(s), psi/kPa, dual marked and calibrated(digital preferred).5.1.6.1 Gauge to monitor water supply pressure.5.1.6.2 Gauge(s) to monitor pressure inside test pack
41、ag-ing(s).5.1.6.3 Any gauges used should be calibrated and have anaccuracy in the range of 63%.5.1.7 Connection Fitting/Valves, Adaptors, Gaskets, andBushings (or Other Equally Effective Means) as Needed5.1.7.1 Fitting/valve for water inlet to test container.5.1.7.2 Fitting/valve for air release, dr
42、ainage, and pressuremonitoring.5.1.7.3 Fitting/valve for pressure monitoring (if this is notcombined with air release fitting).NOTE 1When combining fittings and valves, take care to make surethe assembly does not interfere with the reading on the gauge. A longextension of the fitting may not provide
43、 an accurate pressure reading of thetest container. Fittings extending above or beyond the test containershould be kept as short as possible to maintain accurate values and stablefittings.5.1.8 Drill and appropriate drill bit.5.1.9 ThermometerCalibrated 0 to 50C minimum range.5.1.10 Timer with Audib
44、le Alarm0 to 60 min.5.2 Recommended Safety Equipment:5.2.1 Safety glasses with side shield.5.2.2 Glovesfabric, leather, or rubber slip resistant, asappropriate.6. Sample Size6.1 Inner Packagings for Air TransportThe regulationscurrently do not have a required sample size specified for thepressure di
45、fferential test on the inner packaging of a combina-tion packaging, but three specimens are recommended. Refer-ence 49 CFR, 173.27(c) for additional information.NOTE 2The number of test specimens does not invalidate the testresults.6.2 Packagings (Nonbulk)Three specimens are required.7. Containers7.
46、1 Selection:7.1.1 Randomly select appropriate specimens to be tested.7.1.2 Visually inspect specimens to:7.1.2.1 Verify all closures, plugs, gasket, accessories, and soforth match the closing instructions, and7.1.2.2 Determine if the container has a properly formedsealing surface (record any blemish
47、es or defects).7.2 Preparation:7.2.1 Location of Fittings and GaugesCare should betaken not to attach fittings to container embossments or othergeometries that could possibly compromise the integrity of thecontainer or invalidate the test. The report should describe ingeneral how many fittings are u
48、sed and where fittings andgauges are located. Photo documentation is appropriate.NOTE 3To reduce the possibility of inconsistent results between testsamples, gauges and fittings should be located in the same location.FIG. 1 Larger Container Internal Hydrostatic Pressure Station Example (Drawing)D766
49、0 10 (2018)3FIG. 2 Larger Container Internal Hydrostatic Pressure Station Example (Photograph)D7660 10 (2018)47.2.1.1 Single and Composite PackagingsFor all singleand composite packaging designs, the pressure gauges andfittings should be located in the highest possible point of thetest orientation.NOTE 4This may not always be the top head of the container if thecontainer is tested in the horizontal orientation.7.2.1.2 Inner PackagingsIt may be difficult to attachfittings to the top head of smaller containers.(1) Glass B
