1、Designation: D7960 14Standard Specification forUnleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7960; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications forpurchases of a UL100 unleaded aviation gasoline test fuelunder contract and is intended so
3、lely for use by purchasingagencies for testing purposes.1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviationgasoline for use as an aviation spark-ignition engine test fuel.It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocatingaviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use m
4、aypermit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristicsthan is shown by this specification.1.3 The D7960 fuel defined by this specification may notexhibit identical performance to those leaded fuels with whichthe existing aircraft and ground-based fuel handling equipmenthave been designed
5、to operate. Therefore, the suitability of thisfuel for use on any specific aircraft, aircraft engine, orground-based fuel handling equipment should be evaluatedbefore use on that equipment.1.4 Issuance of this specification does not constitute ap-proval to operate certificated aircraft with this fue
6、l. Fuels usedin certified engines and aircraft are ultimately approved by thecertifying authority subsequent to formal submission of evi-dence to the authority as part of the certification program forthat aircraft and engine model.1.5 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe requ
7、ired properties of unleaded D7960 fuel at the time andplace of delivery.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use
8、. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric Pressur
9、eD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Below 100 Oc
10、tane Number by the Motor Method;Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of AviationFuels by the Aviation Method; Replaced by D 2700(Withdrawn 1970)3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviat
11、ion Fuels(Potential Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-IgnitionAviation GasolineD910 Specification for Leaded Aviation GasolinesD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Dens
12、ity, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1968)3D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fue
13、lsD2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate Fuels1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit
14、tee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation EngineFuels.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014. Published May 2015. DOI: 10.1520/D7960-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
15、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM Internat
16、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravi
17、ty of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected
18、by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006
19、 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Tran
20、sition Method)D6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Con-taining a Non-hydrocarbon ComponentD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD7719 Specification for High Aromatic Content UnleadedHydrocarbon Aviation GasolineD7826 Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasoli
21、nes andNew Aviation Gasoline AdditivesE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Other Documents:MIL-PRF-25017 Lubricity Improver, Fuel Soluble4GOST 101272 Aviation Petrols, Specifications53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 unleaded aviatio
22、n gasoline, ngasoline intended foruse in aircraft powered by reciprocating spark ignition engines,where lead is not intentionally added for the purpose ofenhancing octane performance.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatilitylimits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine
23、 forwhich it is intended, and suitability for low temperatureperformance.3.1.2 non-hydrocarbon, ncompound or compounds com-posed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements such as oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur (hetero-molecule).4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe req
24、uired properties of unleaded aviation gasoline test fuel atthe time and place of delivery.5. Classification5.1 One grade of unleaded aviation gasoline is provided.NOTE 1The above grade name is based on the fuels motor octane/performance number as measured by Test Method D2700.6. Materials and Manufa
25、cture6.1 D7960 fuel, except as otherwise specified in thisspecification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbonsderived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, biomass orblends thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatichydrocarbons, or both; with hetero-molecules such as amines,alcohol
26、s, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers.6.1.1 See Appendix X1 for a representative compositionthat meets the parameters of Table 1.6.2 AdditivesThese may be added to D7960 fuel in theamount and of the composition specified in the following list ofapproved materials:6.2.1 Other AdditivesThese may be a
27、dded in the amountand of the composition specified in the following list ofapproved materials. The quantities and types shall be declaredby the manufacturer. Additives added after the point ofmanufacture shall also be declared.6.2.1.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitorsmay be added to the
28、 fuel separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per liter of fuel.(1) 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.(2) 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.(3) 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.(4) 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol pl
29、us 25 %maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.(5) 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25 %maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.(6) 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl-phenols.(7) N,N-di-isopropyl-para-
30、phenylenediamine.(8) N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.2.1.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of thefollowing may be used:(1) Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). Maybe used in concentrations recommended by the a
31、ircraft manu-facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 2Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratings4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.5Available fr
32、om Technormativ LLC (Runorm), 19 Shosse Entuziastov, Moscow,111024, Russia, http:/.D7960 142below minimum specification values.6(2) Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),7conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (TypeIII). May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %wh
33、en required by the aircraft owner/operator.6.2.1.3 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveCorrosion inhibitorsthat conform to the latest issue of MIL-PRF-25017 may beadded to the D7960 fuel in amounts not exceeding themaximum allowable concentrations listed in the latest revisionof QPL-25017.7. Detailed Requir
34、ements7.1 The D7960 fuel shall conform to the requirementsprescribed in Table 1.7.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine the conformance to the specification requ
35、irement, atest result may be rounded to the same number of significantfigures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multipledeterminations are made, the average result, rounded accordingto Practice E29, shall be used.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 The D7960 fuel specified in this specif
36、ication shall befree from undissolved water, sediment, and suspended matter.No substances of known dangerous toxicity under usualconditions of handling and use shall be present except aspermitted in this specification.9. Sampling9.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establi
37、shing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.9.1.1 Although automatic sampling following PracticeD4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial manufacturer/supplier specification compliance testing shall be performed ona sample taken following procedur
38、es in Practice D4057.9.2 A number of D7960 properties, including coppercorrosion, electrical conductivity, and others are very sensitiveto trace contamination which can originate from samplecontainers. For recommended sample containers, refer toPractice D4306.10. Reports10.1 The type and number of r
39、eports to ensure conformancewith the requirements of this specification shall be mutuallyagreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the D7960 fuel.11. Test Methods11.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods:11.1.1 Kn
40、ock Value (Lean Rating)Test Method D2700.11.1.2 Tetraethyl LeadTest Method D5059.11.1.3 DensityTest Methods D1298 or D4052.11.1.4 DistillationTest Method D86.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1526. ContactASTM
41、CustomerService at serviceastm.org.7Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the concentration of Di-EGMEin aviation fuels.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Aviation Gasoline Test FuelProperty Test Method Min/Max Test GasolineMON ASTM D2700 Min 102.5gPb/L ASTM D5059 Max 0.013Adensity 15C, kg/m3AST
42、M D1298 or D4052 Report ReportIBP, C ASTM D86 Report Report10 volume % at C ASTM D86 Max 7540 volume % at C ASTM D86 Min 7550 volume % at C ASTM D86 Max 10590 volume % at C ASTM D86 Max 135Final boiling point, C ASTM D86 Max 210Sum of 10 % + 50 % evaporated, C ASTM D86 Min 135Recovery volume % ASTM
43、D86 Min 97Residue volume % ASTM D86 Max 1.5Loss volume % ASTM D86 Max 1.5Vapor pressure, 38C, kPa ASTM D323, ASTM D5191 MinMax38.049.0Freezing Point, C ASTM D5972 Max 58Sulfur, mass % ASTM D1266 or ASTM D2622 Max 0.005Net Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg ASTM D4809 Min 42Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100
44、C ASTM D130 Max No. 1Oxidation stability (5 h aging), potential gum, mg/100 mL ASTM D873 Max 6Existent Gum, mg/100 mL ASTM D381 Max 1Water reaction, volume change, mL ASTM D1094 Max 2Electrical Conductivity, pS/m ASTM D2624 MinMax50B2500BALead content is applicable at the point of manufacture and th
45、e point of fit for purpose testing.BApplies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condition at point of use:Minimum 50 pS/mMaximum 450 pS/mThe supplier shall repor
46、t the amount of additive added.D7960 14311.1.5 Vapor PressureTest Methods D323 or D5191.11.1.6 Freezing PointTest Method D5972.11.1.7 SulfurTest Methods D1266 or D2622.11.1.8 Net Heat of CombustionTest Methods D4809.11.1.9 Corrosion (Copper Strip)Test Method D130,2htest at 100C in bomb.11.1.10 Poten
47、tial Gum and Visible Lead PrecipitateTestMethod D873 except that wherever the letter X occurs (refer-ring to oxidation time) insert the number 5, designating thenumber of hours prescribed in this specification.11.1.11 Water ReactionTest Method D1094.11.1.12 Electrical ConductivityTest Method D2624.1
48、2. Keywords12.1 aviation gasoline; unleaded aviation gasolineAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINE TEST FUELX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 This specification was developed to identify distil-late range refinery products, including refined hydrocar
49、bonsderived from crude petroleum, or blends thereof, with synthetichydrocarbons and specific heteroatom containing molecules,suitable for high octane unleaded aviation gasoline applica-tions. The requirements of Table 1 are quality limits establishedon the basis of test development as well as tests performed onairframes and engines specifically designed to use these fuels.X1.1.2 The performance requirements summarized in Table1 are quality limits which have as their basis the SpecificationD910 limits, which are themselves th
