1、Designation: D8011 16Standard Specification forNatural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends oras a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8011; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers natural gasoline to be used asa hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol
3、fuel blends for flexible-fuel automotive spark-ignition engines (Specification D5798).In the United States, these blends are referred to commerciallyas Ethanol Flex Fuel.1.2 This specification also covers natural gasoline to be usedas a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol for blending withgasolines
4、 for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel(Specification D4806).1.3 Specific regulatory requirements for the intended usesfrom various jurisdictions are given in appendixes for infor-mation.1.4 This specification is not intended to provide a marketspecification nor a regulatory reference for
5、natural gasoline forany use other than as a hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol fuelblends or as a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.5.1 ExceptionValues given in parentheses are providedfor information only.2. Referenced Documents2.1
6、 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Pet
7、roleum Products (LampMethod)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, a
8、nd APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Pr
9、ocedures)D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4814
10、 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ig
11、nition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D5580 Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene,Ethylbenzene, p/m-Xylene, o-Xylene, C9and HeavierAromatics, and Total Aromatics
12、 in Finished Gasoline byGas ChromatographyD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum Produ
13、cts1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. DOI: 10.1520/D8011-16.2For
14、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
15、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure(VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, andHydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple ExpansionMethod)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD6550 Test Method for Determinati
16、on of Olefin Content ofGasolines by Supercritical-Fluid ChromatographyD6730 Test Method for Determination of Individual Com-ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100MetreCapillary (with Precolumn) High-Resolution Gas Chro-matographyD6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distillates,Refo
17、rmulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, and MotorFuels by Oxidative Combustion and Electrochemical De-tectionD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, JetFuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, andGasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic WavelengthDispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spe
18、ctrometryD7096 Test Method for Determination of the Boiling RangeDistribution of Gasoline by Wide-Bore Capillary GasChromatographyD7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-rayFluorescence SpectrometryD7347 Test Method for Determination of
19、Olefin Content inDenatured Ethanol by Supercritical Fluid Chromatogra-phyD7576 Test Method for Determination of Benzene and TotalAromatics in Denatured Fuel Ethanol by Gas Chromatog-raphyD7667 Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness toSilver by Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelThinSilver
20、Strip MethodD7671 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automo-tive SparkIgnition Engine FuelSilver Strip MethodD7757 Test Method for Silicon in Gasoline and RelatedProducts by Monochromatic Wavelength DispersiveX-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry2.2 Canadian National Standards:3CAN/CGSB-3.512 Auto
21、motive Ethanol Fuel (E50-E85)CAN/CGSB 3.516 Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Use in Au-tomotive Spark Ignition FuelsCAN/CGSB 3.0 No. 60.32 Standard Test Method for theDetermination of Corrosiveness to Silver of Gasoline,Middle Distillate Fuels and Oxygenated Fuels using SilverWool: Rapid Ultrasonic Method
22、2.3 Government Regulations:CFR Title 40, Part 79 Registration of Fuels and FuelAdditives4CFR Title 40, Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Addi-tives4CFR Title 27, Part 19 Distilled Spirits Plants4CFR Title 27, Part 20 Distribution and Use of DenaturedAlcohol and Rum4CFR Title 27, Part 21 Formulas
23、for Denatured Alcohol andRum4CCR Title 13 2260-2298, California Code of Regula-tions53. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.NOTE 1The user is advised that the definitions used by variousindustries, marketers, and regulatory bodies can differ from those specificto this
24、specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that theterms used in a particular context are clearly understood. Appendix X7contains additional information for a number of these terms.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), nvalue cal-culated by a defined correlat
25、ion equation that is expected to becomparable to the vapor pressure value obtained by TestMethod D4953, Procedure A. D49533.2.2 natural gasoline, na hydrocarbon blend composedpredominately of molecules with 5 to 8 carbon atoms andtypically separated from the production flows from natural gaswells or
26、 crude oil wells.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThese hydrocarbon blends may be pro-cessed to further remove lighter or heaver hydrocarbons orreduce sulfur content. Other names for this blend includenaphtha and field naphtha.3.2.2.2 DiscussionDifferent government regulations maydefine “natural gasoline” in diffe
27、rent ways. Refer to specificregulations.4. Performance Requirements4.1 See Table 1.5. Regulatory Requirements5.1 Natural gasoline shall meet the performance require-ments in Table 1. It will also need to meet additional limitsrelated to the regulatory requirements of the authority havingjurisdiction
28、 for regulating denaturants and hydrocarbon blend-stocks. The hydrocarbons used as denaturants to producedenatured fuel ethanol and as hydrocarbon blendstock used toproduce ethanol fuel blends are covered by regulations specificto a jurisdiction or by multiple regulations due to overlappingjurisdict
29、ions. Appendixes have been developed to provideinformation for several jurisdictions describing the require-ments for products and activities within the designated juris-diction:5.1.1 Appendix X2: Regulatory Requirements for Canada.5.1.2 Appendix X3: Regulatory Requirements for theUnited States.5.1.
30、3 Appendix X4: Regulatory Requirements for Califor-nia. (See Appendix X3 and Appendix X4.)3Canadian fuel standards are available from Canadian General Standards Board:CGSB Sales Centre Gatineau, Canada K1A 1G6; web site: http:/ printed copy of the Code of Federal Regulations may be purchased from th
31、eU.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St.,NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or the online store at http:/bookstore.gpo.gov/. The Code of Federal Regulations may be browsed online athttp:/www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.5California regulations are availa
32、ble online at http:/.D8011 1625.1.4 Table X1.1 provides the limits established by relevantregulatory agencies for Canada, the United States and the Stateof California at the time of publication of this standard. TableX1.2 provides limits for parameters based on the regulatoryrequirements of U.S. and
33、 California regulatory agencies andpossible usage scenarios in the marketplace.5.2 Consult the appropriate regulatory agencies to confirm ifhydrocarbons other than natural gasoline may be mixed withthe natural gasoline to be used as a denaturant for denaturedfuel ethanol or as a hydrocarbon blendsto
34、ck for blending withdenatured fuel ethanol to produce ethanol fuel blends. The useof hydrocarbons other than natural gasoline can result inparameter limits other than the values in these tables tomaintain compliance with the jurisdictional regulations.5.3 Other agencies or jurisdictions not listed m
35、ay alsoestablish additional requirements for natural gasoline used asthe denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol or as the hydrocarbonblendstock in ethanol fuel blends. The user of this standard isresponsible for consulting the jurisdiction where the denaturedfuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends will b
36、e produced and usedto determine specific regulatory compliance requirements.6. Workmanship6.1 At the point of custody transfer, natural gasoline shall bevisually free of sediment, undissolved water, and suspendedmatter. It shall be clear and bright at the fuel temperature at thepoint of custody tran
37、sfer or at an alternative temperature agreedupon by the purchaser and seller. The product shall be free ofany adulterant or contaminant that can render the materialunacceptable for its commonly used applications.NOTE 2Test Method D4176 can be helpful for evaluating the product.6.2 The specification
38、defines only the basic requirements fornatural gasoline. Buyers and sellers may agree upon morestringent requirements.6.2.1 Producers and blenders of natural gasoline shall avoidnatural gasoline contaminated by silicon-containing materials.Silicon contamination of gasoline, denatured ethanol, and th
39、eirblends has led to fouled vehicle components (for example,spark plugs, exhaust oxygen sensors, catalytic converters)requiring parts replacement and repairs. Test Method D7757 isa procedure for determining silicon content that might beapplicable to natural gasoline. No specification limits havebeen
40、 established for silicon.6.2.2 Producers and blenders of natural gasoline shall avoidnatural gasoline contaminated by any materials not composedof carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (non-CHONS). There is concern that the limited processing receivedby some natural gasoline (in comparison t
41、o the processingreceived by gasoline blending components in conventionalrefining) could result in trace contaminants (for example,phosphorus, mercury, cyanides, and a long list of metallicelements) being present in natural gasoline that could deacti-vate catalytic converters on vehicles, resulting i
42、n undesirableemissions. Work is underway to identify possible non-CHONScontaminants in natural gasoline, and to determine if a suitabletest method and limit can be developed.6.2.3 The natural gasoline used as a denaturant in denaturedfuel ethanol and as a hydrocarbon blendstock for ethanol fuelblend
43、s shall not contain materials which can separate fromsolution at the expected temperatures of blending, storage anduse. If drag reducing agent (additive) (DRA) is used in thenatural gasoline distribution system, it cannot be present in theproduct delivered to be used as a denaturant at a concentrati
44、onTABLE 1 Performance RequirementsProperties/Use of Natural Gasoline Denaturant forDenatured Fuel EthanolAHydrocarbon Blendstock forEthanol Fuel BlendsBTest MethodsDensity, kg/m3at 15 C, or Report Report D4052API gravity Report Report D287Dry Vapor Pressure Equivalent,at 37.8 C (100 F), kPa (psi)Rep
45、ort ReportC,DD4953, D5191, D5482, D6378Distillation Temperature, End point(or Final Boiling Point), C (F), max225 (437) 225 (437) D86,ED7096Silver corrosion, max No. 1 D7667, D7671,CAN/CGSB 3.0 No. 60.32FSulfur, mg/kg Report Report D1266, D2622,D3120, D5453,D6920, D7039,or D7220Unwashed Gum, mg/100
46、mL Report Report D381Solvent washed gum, max, mg/100 mL Report 5 D381ANatural gasoline intended for use as a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol meeting the requirements in Specification D4806. See Section 5 for regulatory requirementsrelated to natural gasoline used to produce denatured fuel ethan
47、ol.BNatural gasoline intended for use as a hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol fuel blends meeting the requirements in Specification D5798. See Section 5 for regulatoryrequirements related to natural gasoline used to produce ethanol fuel blends.CThe vapor pressure of the natural gasoline used as the h
48、ydrocarbon blendstock to produce ethanol fuel blends shall be such that seasonal and geographical limits asoutlined in Tables 1 and 3 of Specification D5798 are met. Specification D5798 fuel blend vapor pressure ranges from 38 kPa (5.5 psi) to 103 kPa (15.0 psi). The vaporpressure of the blend is a
49、function of the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon blendstock and the content of ethanol in the blend which can range from 51 % to 83%byvolume.DUsers of natural gasoline may have limits on dry vapor pressure equivalent related to the storage tanks used and environmental permitting of the storage tanks.ETest Method D86 does not include natural gasoline in its scope and can provide highly variable results for low boiling point materials. Test Method D86 is consideredappropriate for determination of th
