1、Designation: D8135 17Standard Guide forSelection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Particulate SolidFilling Substances for Packagings Subjected to the UnitedNations Performance Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to clarify the selecti
3、on, useand description criteria of non-hazardous particulate solidsubstitutes used to replace hazardous materials for the purposeof performance testing packagings. This includes identificationof the physical parameters of substitute non-hazardous solidtest fill materials that may affect packaging pe
4、rformance andtest results and should be considered when selecting anddescribing a test fill material that conforms to the requirementsof the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). This guide isintended for use with package testing procedures for particulatesolid materials that have flow characterist
5、ics. It is not intendedfor use with hazardous articles.1.2 This guide provides information to assist packagingusers, manufacturers, and performance testing service suppliersregarding the types of physical properties that should beconsidered when selecting substitute filling substances for thetesting
6、, certification and manufacture of packagings under theUnited Nations packaging protocols (UN Recommendationson the Transport of Dangerous Goods-Model Regulations) asadopted by US DOT in 49 CFR HMR.1.3 This guide provides the suggested minimum informa-tion concerning the physical characteristics of
7、the fillingsubstances that should be documented in the certification testreport and notification to users to allow for test repeatabilityand analysis, and to provide guidance to the user of apackaging of pertinent physical differences between potentialhazardous lading and the filling substance with
8、which thepackaging was tested.1.4 This guide does not purport to address regulatoryrequirements regarding the compatibility of filling substanceswith transport packagings. Compatibility requirements must beassessed separately, but it should be noted that under certainnational and international dange
9、rous goods regulations, theselection of the filling substances for package performancetesting may be prescribed with respect to chemical compatibil-ity requirements.NOTE 1Under the US HMR determination of packaging compatibilitywith a particular hazardous fill material is “the responsibility of the
10、personoffering the hazardous material for transportation” as prescribed in 49CFR 173.24(e).1.5 When testing packaging designs intended for hazardousmaterials (dangerous goods), the user of this guide shall betrained in accordance with 49 CFR 172.700 and otherapplicable hazardous materials regulation
11、s such as the ICAOTechnical Instructions, IMDG Code, other applicable nationalor international dangerous goods regulations that govern thetesting, manufacture and use of packagings authorized for thetransportation of dangerous goods, and carrier rules such as theIATA Dangerous Goods Regulations.1.6
12、The units of measurement are consistent with the HMR.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-mine the
13、applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued
14、 by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials (Danger-ous Goods) PackagingsD6393 Test Method for Bulk Solids Characterization byCarr Indices1This guide is under the jurisdiction of
15、ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Hazardous Materials.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. DOI:10.1520/D8135-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
16、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accord
17、ance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D7481 Test Methods for Determinin
18、g Loose and TappedBulk Densities of Powders using a Graduated CylinderE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves2.2 Federal Standard:3U.S. Department of Transportation Code of Federal Regula-tions Title 49, Transportation (49 CFR) Parts 100-1992.3 UN Standard:4United Nations Re
19、commendations on the Transport of Dan-gerous Goods, Model Regulations (UN Orange Book)2.4 International Air Transport Association (IATA) Stan-dard:5International Air Transport Association (IATA) DangerousGoods Regulations2.5 ICAO Standard:6International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) TechnicalIn
20、structions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods byAir2.6 IMDG Standard:7International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDGCode)2.7 ISO Standards:8ISO 2234 Packaging Complete, Filled Transport Packages Stacking Tests using Static LoadISO 16495 Packaging Transport Packaging for DangerousGoods Test
21、 Methods3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 angle of repose, nwhen particulate solids are pouredonto a flat, horizontal surface, they form a conical pile. Theangle of repose is the interior angle formed between the base ofthis cone and its side (see Fig. 1).3.1.2 bulk density, nthe mass (weight) of
22、particulate solidsdivided by the total volume of sample; that is, bulk density isthe ratio of the mass of large number particles of the materialto the total volume of the sample and is an aggregate propertythat includes the volume(s) of the particles, inter-particleinterstices and particle porosity.
23、 It is expressed as a ratio ofweight/volume; or may be expressed as a unit-less ratioreferenced to a standard material, such as water, as a specificgravity.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIt is not a characteristic intrinsic to amaterial. It is affected by how the sample is handled. Com-monly expressed as “freely
24、 settled” or “poured” density; indistinction to a “tapped” density value that would be deter-mined by a compaction method such as tapping a sample on atable during filling to represent compaction due to varioustypes of vibration. For this guide, poured density would be themost applicable.3.1.3 parti
25、cle size distribution, nthe physical size of theindividual particles in a given sample of a particulate solid. Inalmost all common solids this will be expressed as a particlesize distribution. There are many ways to model or measurethis distribution given the wide variety and irregularity ofparticle
26、 geometries and styles.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe most effective and common way tomeasure this property is by sieve analysis. Where the particlesize distribution is expressed as a percentage of the weight ofthe sample, retained in each step as the sample is passedthrough progressively finer sieves, to th
27、e weight of the wholesample. See Specification E11 and Table X1.2.3.1.4 specification packaging, na packaging conformingto one of the specifications or standards for packagings in part178 or part 179 of this subchapter (49 CFR).3.1.4.1 DiscussionPackaging, as used in this guide in-cludes packaging c
28、onstructed and tested to UN performancestandards as adopted in the HMR (the focus of this guide) butdoes not exclude its use for other types of packagings.NOTE 2Additional terms and definitions are located in 49 CFRsections 171.8 and the UN Orange Book, Section 1.2.1.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The manuf
29、acturer, test facility or user of a packagingwill apply the procedural considerations, based on the physicalcharacteristics of the particulate solid hazardous material to betransported, outlined in this guide to select an appropriate fillmaterial to use when testing a packaging. In addition, packag-
30、ing manufacturers and test facilities will use this guide toprovide sufficient information concerning the relevant physicalcharacteristics of the test fill material to the user of a packagingto allow for a proper evaluation of suitability of a packaging fora particular particulate solid hazardous ma
31、terial.5. Significance and Use5.1 Regulations prescribing the test procedures for hazard-ous materials packaging allow for the substitution of non-hazardous fill materials for packaging performance tests withcertain limitations prescribed and guidance offered (see 49CFR 178.602(c). This regulatory g
32、uidance has proven to beflexible enough, in common industry practice, to produce3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402-9371 (website: http:/phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat).4Available from the UN Economic Commission for Europe, InformationService, Pala
33、is des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland (website: http:/www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm).5Available from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 800 PlaceVictoria PO Box 113 Montreal - H4Z 1M1 Quebec - Canada (website: http:/www.iata.org).6Available from the International Civ
34、il Aviation Organization, (ICAO) 999University Street, Montral, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada (website: http:/www.icao.org).7Available from the International Marine Organization (IMO), 4 AlbertEmbankment, London, SE1 7SR United Kingdom (website: http:/www.imo.org/).8Available from American National Standar
35、ds Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.FIG. 1 Angle of ReposeD8135 172variations in the selection of fill materials for package perfor-mance tests sufficient to cause inconsistent and non-repeatabletest results. This variation creates significant proble
36、ms inproduct liability, packaging selection and regulatory enforce-ment in this highly regulated industry. Use of this guide shouldenhance uniformity in test procedures.5.2 Consistent and repeatable test results coupled with cleartest fill product descriptions will enhance transportation safetyby si
37、mplifying packaging selection. This will also increase thegeneral level of confidence that package testing, manufactureand use are being guided by sound, generally accepted engi-neering principles. It also aids in clarifying expectationsbetween the packaging industry and the regulatory authorities.5
38、.3 The guide will be used by packaging manufacturers, andpackaging test labs to create packaging test plans that meetcustomer needs and conform to the HMR. In addition, for theuser of a packaging, certain information about the type andphysical characteristics of the material used to test the pack-ag
39、ing must be available in the test report and/or notificationinstruction to allow evaluation of whether a particular packag-ing was tested with a substitute material appropriate for thehazardous material to be shipped.6. Procedure6.1 Packagings may be tested when filled with the actualproduct to be t
40、ransported to the required minimum fill levels.This option is often completely impracticable. Personnel safetyand training, testing facility chemical handling capability,possible site contamination, local regulations or zoning areamong the strongest reasons to use non-hazardous substitutefill materi
41、als for package testing.6.2 A non-hazardous particulate solid may be substituted asa fill material for testing purposes as prescribed in 49 CFR 178.602(c): “If the hazardous material to be transported isreplaced for test purposes by a non-hazardous material, thematerial used must be of the same or h
42、igher specific gravity asthe material to be carried, and its other physical properties(grain, size, viscosity) which might influence the results of therequired tests must correspond as closely as possible to those ofthe hazardous material to be transported.”6.2.1 In the case of particulate solids th
43、e “specific gravity”mentioned in the regulatory citation above often will beexpressed as a bulk density value (g/cm3or lbs/ft3). Thesevalues may be readily converted into a unit-less ratio as aspecific gravity, usually using water as the reference material(water density 1.0 g/cm3).6.2.2 Other charac
44、teristics of fill materials that may influ-ence test results and should be evaluated when selecting asubstitute material:6.2.2.1 Particle (Grain) Size and TypeGrain affects bothflow properties and the ability to detect leakage from thepackage during testing. Smaller grain, freely flowing particu-lat
45、e solids are more readily detectable from potential leak sitesafter tests are performed.6.2.2.2 Flow PropertiesFor particulate solids flow is acomplex property affected by particle size, shape, surfacetexture, etc. As the flow rate of a particulate solids increase,impact and vibratory energy (effect
46、s) are more readily trans-ferred to the packaging.(1) For package testing purposes, much of the complexityof flow can be effectively reduced to a single and fairlystraightforward physical characteristic of a bulk solid known asangle of repose.(a) When particulate solids are poured onto a surface aco
47、nical pile forms. As more material is added the pile becomesboth taller and increases in diameter at a ratio that keeps theangle between the flat surface and the side of the pile nearconstant.(b) There are a variety of methods used to determine theangle of repose for a material. The easiest and most
48、 commonbeing the funnel method. The material is poured through afunnel onto a flat surface. The tip of the funnel should heldclose to the top of the cone as it grows to minimize the effectof impact energy from the particles on the pile. The pile canformed to a predetermined height, width of base or
49、a givenmass of material. (In Fig. 2, the base diameter is the selectedlimit by use of a pedestal structure.) The angle of repose can bemeasured directly from the pile using a protractor, or it can becomputed from the relationship between the diameter (orradius) of the pile and its height. The angle of repose would becomputed by taking the inverse Tangent of the ratio of theheight and the radius (12 diameter) of the base. There are manyrelatively simple and inexpensive funnel type testers availablein the market.(c) It is important to note that some exter
