1、Designation: D8167/D8167M 18Standard Test Method forIn-Place Bulk Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by a Low-Activity Nuclear Method (Shallow Depth)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8167/D8167M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuringin-place bulk dens
3、ity of soil and soil-aggregate using nuclearequipment with radioactive sources (hereafter referred tosimply as “gauges.”) These gauges are distinct from thosedescribed in Test Method D6938 insofar as:1.1.1 These gauges do not contain a system (nuclear orotherwise) for the determination of the water
4、content of thematerial under measurement.1.1.2 These gauges have photon yields sufficiently low as torequire the inclusion of background radiation effects on theresponse during normal operation.1.1.2.1 For the devices described in Test Method D6938, thecontribution of gamma rays detected from the na
5、turally-occurring radioisotopes in most soils (hereafter referred to as“background”) compared to the contribution of gamma raysused by the device to measure in-place bulk density is typicallysmall enough to be negligible in terms of their effect onmeasurement accuracy. However, for these low-activit
6、ygauges, the gamma ray yield from the gauge is low enough thatthe background contribution from most soils compared to thecontribution of gamma gays from the gauge is no longernegligible, and changes in this background can adversely affectthe accuracy of the bulk density reading.1.1.2.2 In order to c
7、ompensate for potentially differingbackground contribution to low-activity gauge measurementsat different test sites, a background reading must be taken inconjunction with gauge measurements obtained at a given testsite. This background reading is utilized in the bulk densitycalculation performed by
8、 the gauge with the goal of minimiz-ing these background effects on the density measurementaccuracy.1.2 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.1.3 The bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate is measuredby the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source isplaced at a known depth up to 200
9、 mm 8 in. and thedetector(s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reversethis orientation).1.3.1 The bulk density of the test sample in mass per unitvolume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gammaradiation with previously established calibration data.1.3.2 Neither the dry density nor
10、 the water content of thetest sample is measured by this device. However, the results ofthis test can be used with the water content or water mass perunit volume value determined by alternative methods todetermine the dry density of the test sample.1.4 The gauge is calibrated to read the bulk densit
11、y of soilor soil-aggregate.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.5.1 For purposes of comparing, a measured or calculatedvalue(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculatedvalue(s) shall be round
12、ed to the nearest decimal or significantdigits in the specified limits.1.5.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that should generally be ret
13、ained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to com-mensurate with these considerations. It i
14、s beyond the scope ofthis standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethods for engineering design.1.6 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each s
15、ystem shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting test results in unitsother than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance withthis standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
16、concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved May 15, 2018. Published June 2018. DOI: 10.15
17、20/D8167_D8167M18.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDe
18、velopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of r
19、egulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1Nuclear density gauge manuals and reference materials, aswell as the gauge displays themselves, typically refer to bulk density as“wet density” or “WD.”NOTE 2The term “bulk density” is used throughout this standard. Thisterm has different definitions in Termi
20、nology D653, depending on thecontext of its use. For this standard, however, “bulk density” refers to, asdefined in Terminology D653, “the total mass of partially saturated orsaturated soil or rock per unit total volume.”1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with international
21、ly recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminol
22、ogy Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2216 T
23、est Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedures)D3740 Practice for Mi
24、nimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calcu
25、lation of Relative DensityD4643 Test Method for Determination of Water Content ofSoil and Rock by Microwave Oven HeatingD4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water (Mois-ture) Content of Soil
26、by the Calcium Carbide Gas PressureTesterD4959 Test Method for Determination of Water Content ofSoil By Direct HeatingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6938 Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Contentof Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (ShallowDepth)D7
27、013 Guide for Nuclear Surface Moisture and DensityGauge Calibration Facility SetupD7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum DryUnit Weight and Water Content Range for EffectiveCompaction of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating Hammer(Withdrawn 2017)3D7759 Guide for Nuclear Surface Moisture and Den
28、sityGauge CalibrationE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in thisstandard, refer to T
29、erminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 nuclear gauge, na device containing one or moreradioactive sources used to measure certain properties of soiland soil-aggregates.3.2.2 probe, naslender, elongated device, part of thegauge, that is inserted into the soil being m
30、easured by thegauge. This device may contain either a radioactive source, aradiation detection device, or both. Probes containing only aradioactive source are commonly referred to as “source rods.”3.2.3 test count, nthe measured output of a detector for aspecific type of radiation for a given test.3
31、.2.4 standardization count, nthe measured output of adetector taken for the purposes of evaluating gauge stabilityand accounting for long-term aging of the radioactive sources.This output is frequently referred to as the “standard count” aswell.3.2.5 background count, nthe counts measured by thegaug
32、e to evaluate the ambient radiation in the proximity wherea test measurement is to be taken rather than the radiationemitted by the gauge itself.3.2.6 background position, nthe orientation of the gaugesource rod when the background count is acquired.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test method describ
33、ed is useful as a rapid, nonde-structive technique for in-place measurements of bulk densityof soil and soil-aggregate. Test results may be used for thedetermination of dry density if the water content of the soil orsoil-aggregate is determined by separate means, such as thosemethods described in Te
34、st Methods D2216, D4643, D4944,and D4959.4.2 The test method is used for quality control and accep-tance testing of compacted soil and soil-aggregate mixtures asused in construction and also for research and development.The nondestructive nature allows repetitive measurements at asingle test locatio
35、n and statistical analysis of the results.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved
36、version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D8167/D8167M 1824.3 DensityThe fundamental assumptions inherent in themethod is that Compton scattering is the dominant interactionand that the material is homogeneous.NOTE 3The quality of the result produced by this standard test meth
37、odis dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of thisstandard are c
38、autioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Interferences5.1 In-Place Density Interferences:5.1.1 Measurements may be affected by the chemical co
39、m-position of the material being tested.5.1.2 Measurements may be affected by non-homogeneoussoils and surface texture (see 10.2). Excessive voids in theprepared test surface beneath the gauge can cause densitymeasurements that are lower than the actual soil density.Excessive use of fill material to
40、 compensate for these voidsmay likewise cause biased density measurements.5.1.3 The measurement volume of the gauge in a givenprobe orientation extends from near the tip of the probe to thedetector at the surface of the in situ material under measure-ment. This volume is similar to that described by
41、 the volumebounded by an elliptic paraboloid surface. This volume variesfor different depths of the probe within the material undermeasurement. Large particles near the probe tip may alsodistort the volume of measurement of the gauge.5.1.4 Gravel particles or large voids in the source-detectorpath m
42、ay cause higher or lower density measurements. Wherelack of uniformity in the soil due to layering, aggregate orvoids is suspected, the test site should be excavated andvisually examined to determine whether the test material isrepresentative of the in situ material in general and whether anoversize
43、 correction is required in accordance with PracticeD4718.5.1.5 The measured volume is approximately 0.0057 m30.20 ft3 when the test depth is 150 mm 6 in. The actualmeasured volume is indeterminate and varies with the appara-tus and the density of the material.5.1.6 Perform gauge measurements with th
44、e gauge farenough away from other apparatus containing radioactivesources to prevent interference due to radiation from the otherapparatus. (See Note 4.)5.1.7 For gauges with low source activity, variations inambient background radiation from one test site to another maysignificantly influence test
45、results. In such instances thisambient background radiation must be measured at the test sitein conjunction with the test measurement and used in thecalculation of the measured bulk density.5.1.8 The gamma radiation response for any detector istypically influenced by the environmental testing temper
46、ature.5.1.8.1 For scintillation detectors, changing temperaturesmay cause variations in the resulting light output distributionfrom the crystalboth in magnitude and shape of the spec-trum. These variations may result in corresponding variationsin the number of counted photons and, consequently, the
47、wetdensity determined from the measurement.5.1.8.2 The changes to the detector response due to tem-perature changes are compensated by various detector stabili-zation methods that compare current detector response to astandardized response and correct for energy spectrum changesaccordingly.5.1.8.3 T
48、he working temperature range of the gauge atwhich the aforementioned temperature variations are compen-sated is provided in the gauge specifications. In general, for agauge using a sodium iodide scintillation detector, the workingtemperature range is similar to that of a nuclear gauge usingGeiger-Mu
49、eller gas detectors: 10 to 70 C 14 to 158 F.Please refer to the operators manual to find the operatingtemperature range of the gauge.5.1.8.4 For special applications where the gauge is usedoutside the operating temperature range, please consult thegauge manufacturer.NOTE 4Separation of the gauge described in this standard by adistance of 9 m 30 ft from one another, or from the gauges described inTest Method D6938, has typically proven sufficient in preventing radiationfrom one gauge from being detected by another gauge and potentiallycausing an incorrec
