1、Designation: E10 18 American Association State Highwayand Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T7086Standard Test Method forBrinell Hardness of Metallic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E10; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of o
2、riginaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of
3、 Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinellhardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentationhardness principle. This standard provides the requirements fora Brinell testing machine and the procedures for performingBrinell hardness tests.1.2 This test method
4、 includes requirements for the use ofportable Brinell hardness testing machines that measure Brinellhardness by the Brinell hardness test principle and can meet therequirements of this test method, including the direct andindirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Brinellhardness testin
5、g machines that cannot meet the direct verifica-tion requirements and can only be verified by indirect verifi-cation requirements are covered in Test Method E110.1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in thefollowing annexes:Verification of Brinell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1Brine
6、ll Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2Standardization of Brinell Hardness Indenters Annex A3Standardization of Brinell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A41.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in thefollowing appendixes that relates to the Brinell hardness test:Table of Brinell Hardness
7、Numbers Appendix X1Examples of Procedures for DeterminingBrinell Hardness UncertaintyAppendix X21.5 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, theforce levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf).Although this standard specifies the unit of force in theInternational System of U
8、nits (SI) as the Newton (N), becauseof the historical precedent and continued common usage of kgfunits, force values in kgf units are provided for information andmuch of the discussion in this standard refers to forces in kgfunits.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concer
9、ns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with in
10、ternationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A8
11、33 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of MetallicMaterials by Comparison Hardness TestersA956 Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of SteelProductsA1038 Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by theUltrasonic Contact Impedance MethodB647 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of AluminumAlloys b
12、y Means of a Webster Hardness GageE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring InstrumentsE110 Test Method for Rockwell and Brinell Hardness ofMetallic Materials by Portable Hardne
13、ss TestersE140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals RelationshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-scope Hardness, and Leeb HardnessE384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-rials2.2 American Bearings Manufacturer As
14、sociation Stan-dard:ABMA 10-1989 Metal Balls31This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved
15、in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E10 17. DOI:10.1520/E0010-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
16、onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025M Street, NW, Suite 800,Washington, DC 20036, http:/www.americanbearings.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
17、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World T
18、rade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 ISO Standards:ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Require-ments for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting ConformityAssessment Bodies4ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Calibration and Testing43. Terminology an
19、d Equations3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 calibrationdetermination of the values of the sig-nificant parameters by comparison with values indicated by areference instrument or by a set of reference standards.3.1.2 verificationchecking or testing to assure confor-mance with the specification.3.1.3 standardiza
20、tionto bring in conformance with aknown standard through verification or calibration.3.1.4 Brinell hardness testan indentation hardness testusing a verified machine to force an indenter (tungsten carbideball with diameter D), under specified conditions, into thesurface of the material under test. Th
21、e diameter of the resultingindentation d is measured after removal of the force.3.1.5 Brinell hardness numbera number, which is propor-tional to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by thecurved surface area of the indentation which is assumed to bespherical and of the diameter of the ba
22、ll.3.1.6 Brinell hardness scalea designation that identifiesthe specific combination of ball diameter and applied forceused to perform the Brinell hardness test.3.1.7 Brinell hardness testing machinea Brinell hardnessmachine used for general testing purposes.3.1.8 Brinell hardness standardizing mach
23、inea Brinellhardness machine used for the standardization of Brinellhardness test blocks. The standardizing machine differs from aregular Brinell hardness testing machine by having tightertolerances on certain parameters.3.1.9 force-diameter ratioa number calculated as the ratioof the test force in
24、kgf to the square of the indenter balldiameter in mm (see Table 1).3.1.10 portable Brinell hardness testing machinea Brinellhardness testing machine that is designed to be transported,carried, set up, and operated by the users, and that measuresBrinell hardness by the Brinell hardness test principle
25、.3.1.11 movable Brinell hardness testing machinea Brinellhardness testing machine that is designed to be moved todifferent locations on a moveable frame, table or similarsupport that is integral to the testing machine (for example,securely fixed to a rolling table), or a Brinell hardness testingmach
26、ine that is designed to move into the testing position priorto a test, (for example, securely fixed to a moving support arm),and has been previously verified to ensure that such moves willnot affect the hardness result.3.2 Equations:3.2.1 The Brinell hardness number is calculated as:HBW 52FkgfDD 2 =
27、D22 d2!(1)where:Fkgf= test force in kgf,D = diameter of the indenter ball in mm, andd = measured mean diameter of the indentation in mm(see Table 1).3.2.2 The average mean diameter dof a set of n indentationsis calculated as:d5d11d211dnn(2)where:d1,d2, . dn= diameter values of the indentations in mm
28、,andn = number of indentations (see Annex A4).3.2.3 The repeatability R in the performance of a Brinellhardness machine at each hardness level, under the particularverification conditions, is estimated by the percent range ofdiameter values of n indentations made on a standardized testblock as part
29、of a performance verification, relative to theaverage of the n measured diameter values d(Eq 2), defined as:4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.TABLE 1 Symbols and DesignationsSymbol DesignationD Diameter of t
30、he ball, mmF Test force, NFkgfTest force, kgfFkgf51gn3Fwhere gnis the acceleration due to gravity.gn= 9.80665 N/kgfd Diameter value of the indentation, mmd 5ds1d1ds2d11dsNdNwhere d(1), d(2) . d(N) are the measured indentationdiameters in mm, and N is the number of diameter mea-surements (typically 2
31、).h Depth of the indentation, mmh 5D 2D22 d22Force-Diameterratio5FkgfD2HBW Brinell hardness5Test ForceSurface area of indentation52Fkgf D sD 2D22 d2dE10182R 5 100 3dmax2 dmind(3)where:dmax= diameter value of the largest measured indentationdmin= diameter value of the smallest measured indentation,an
32、dd(Eq2)= average of the diameter values of the n indentations.3.2.4 The average Hof a set of n Brinell hardness measurementvalues H1, H2, ., Hnis calculated as:H5H11H211Hnn(4)3.2.5 The error E in the performance of a Brinell hardnessmachine at each hardness level, under the particular verifica-tion
33、conditions, is estimated by the percent error of the averageof n indentation measurements made on a standardized testblock as part of a performance verification relative to thecertified average hardness value of the standardized test block,defined as:E 5 100 3S?H2 HSTD?HSTDD (5)where:H(Eq 4) = avera
34、ge of n hardness tests H1, H2, ., Hnmadeon a standardized test block as part of a perfor-mance verification,HSTD= certified average hardness value of the standard-ized test block, and|H2HSTD|= absolute value (non-negative value without re-gard to its sign) of the difference between HandHSTD.4. Signi
35、ficance and Use4.1 The Brinell hardness test is an indentation hardness testthat can provide useful information about metallic materials.This information may correlate to tensile strength, wearresistance, ductility, or other physical characteristics of metal-lic materials, and may be useful in quali
36、ty control and selectionof materials.4.2 Brinell hardness tests are considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have beenused extensively in industry for this purpose.4.3 Brinell hardness testing at a specific location on a partmay not represent the physical characteri
37、stics of the whole partor end product.5. Principles of Test and Apparatus5.1 Brinell Hardness Test PrincipleThe general principleof the Brinell indentation hardness test consists of two steps(see Fig. 1).5.1.1 Step 1The indenter is brought into contact with thetest specimen in a direction perpendicu
38、lar to the surface, andthe test force F is applied. The test force is held for a specifieddwell time and then removed.5.1.2 Step 2The diameter of the indentation is measuredin at least two directions perpendicular to each other. TheBrinell hardness value is derived from the mean of the diametermeasu
39、rements.5.2 Brinell Testing MachineEquipment for Brinell hard-ness testing usually consists of a testing machine, whichsupports the test specimen and applies an indenting force to aball in contact with the specimen, and a system for measuringthe mean diameter of the indentation in accordance with th
40、eBrinell hardness test principle. The design of the testingmachine shall be such that no rocking or lateral movement ofthe indenter or specimen occurs while the force is beingapplied. The design of the testing machine shall ensure that theforce to the indenter is applied smoothly and without impactf
41、orces. Precautions shall be taken to prevent a momentary hightest force caused by the inertia of the system, hydraulic systemovershoot, etc.5.2.1 See the Equipment Manufacturers Instruction Manualfor a description of the machines characteristics, limitations,and respective operating procedures.5.2.2
42、 AnvilsAn anvil, or specimen support, should be usedthat is suitable for the specimen to be tested. The seating andsupporting surfaces of all anvils should be clean and free offoreign material. Typically, anvils need only be replaced if theyfail to support the test surface perpendicular to the inden
43、ter, orthey are deemed unsafe.5.2.3 IndentersIndenters for the Brinell hardness test shallbe tungsten carbide balls of four allowed diameters (1, 2.5, 5and 10 mm). Indenters shall meet the requirements defined inAnnex A3.5.2.4 Oil, dirt, or other foreign materials shall not beallowed to accumulate o
44、n the indenter, as this will affect thetest results.5.2.5 Measurement DeviceThe measurement device usedfor the measurement of the diameter of Brinell indentationsmay be an integral part of the hardness machine or a separatestand-alone instrument. The allowable measurement devicesare classified into
45、two types. The Type A device includesmicroscopes having movable measuring lines with some typeof indicator or computerized measuring system, or an imageanalysis system. The Type B device is a hand-held microscope(usually 20 or 40) with fixed measuring lines.5.2.5.1 Type A DeviceThe acceptable minimu
46、m resolutionfor a Type A device shall be as given in Table 2.FIG. 1 Principle of TestE101835.2.5.2 Type B DeviceThe acceptable maximum spacingbetween the graduated lines ofType B devices shall be as givenin Table 2. Type B devices shall not be used for measuringindentations made with 2.5 mm and 1 mm
47、 ball indenters.5.3 VerificationBrinell testing machines and indentationmeasurement devices shall be verified periodically in accor-dance with Annex A1.5.4 Test BlocksTest blocks meeting the requirements ofAnnex A4 shall be used to verify the testing machine inaccordance with Annex A1.5.5 Brinell Ha
48、rdness ScalesThe combinations of indent-ers and test forces define the Brinell hardness scales. Thestandard Brinell hardness scales and test forces are given inTable 3, corresponding to force-diameter ratios (see Table 1)of1, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 30. Brinell hardness values should bedetermined and r
49、eported in accordance with one of thesestandard scales. Other scales using non-standard test forcesmay be used by special agreement. Examples of other scalesand the corresponding force-diameter ratio (in parentheses) areHBW 10/750 (7.5), HBW 10/2000 (20), HBW 10/2500 (25),HBW 5/187.5 (7.5), and HBW 5/500 (20).5.6 Calculation of the Brinell Hardness NumberTheBrinell hardness number shall be calculated from the meandiameter d of the indentation using Eq 1 or from the valuesgiven in Appendix X1.5.6.1 Brinell hardness values shall not b
