1、Designation: E100 14E100 15Standard Specification forASTM Hydrometers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers of various scale graduation sys
3、tems, as required by the ASTM Test Methods inwhich they are used.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the appl
4、icability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD3290 Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Permanent
5、 Records (Withdrawn 2010)3E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM HydrometersE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and HydrometryE2251 Specification
6、for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions given in Terminology E344 apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ledger paper, na paper characterized by strength, high tearing resistance, eraseability, water
7、resistance, ink receptivity,uniformity of surface, and smoothness.3.2.1.1 DiscussionOriginally, ledger paper was used especially for pen and ink records. Most ledger papers are surface sized, frequently subjectedto appreciable wear, and shall have a high degree of permanence and durability.3.2.2 len
8、gth of the scale, nlength of the nominal range in the stem, not including graduations extending above and below thenominal limits.3.2.3 relative density (formerly specific gravity), nratio of the mass of a given volume of material at a stated temperature tothe mass of an equal volume of gas-free dis
9、tilled water at the same or different temperature. Both reference temperatures shall beexplicitly stated.3.2.3.1 Discussion1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05 onLiquid-in-Glass Thermom
10、eters and Hydrometers.Current edition approved May 1, 2014Aug. 1, 2015. Published September 2014August 2015. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20102014as E100 10.E100 14. DOI: 10.1520/E0100-14.10.1520/E0100-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.as
11、tm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard
12、and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases onl
13、y the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Common reference temperatures include 60F/60F, 20C/20C, 20C/4C. The historic term spec
14、ific gravity may still be found.3.2.4 specific gravity, nan historic term, replaced by relative density.3.2.4.1 Discussionhydrometers manufactured to this standard may be marked sp. gr., rel. density, or with both designations. The two terms are bothequally acceptable in this standard and are used i
15、nterchangeably.3.2.5 thermohydrometer, nglass hydrometer having an integral thermometer.3.2.6 top of the hydrometer, ntop of the finished instrument.3.2.7 total length, noverall length of the finished instrument.4. Specifications4.1 Individual hydrometers shall conform to the detailed specifications
16、 in Table 1 and to the general requirements specified inSections 5 15.4.2 Hydrometers shall be subjected to the inspection criteria found in Section 16 and the standardization criteria found inSection 17.4.3 Hydrometers manufactured to previous revisions of this specification shall retain the same A
17、STM status as those meetingcurrent specifications.4.4 At the time of purchase, scale errors shall be within the maximum scale error found in Table 1.NOTE 1CautionUsers should be aware that both temperature and density indications of thermohydrometers may change with rough handling,shock, exposure to
18、 aggressive liquids, and thermal cycling, among other factors. Consequently, test results and performance obtained at the time ofmanufacture may not necessarily apply throughout an extended period of use. Periodic calibration or verification of these instruments, in accordance withprocedures set for
19、th in Test Method E126 (for the hydrometer), or Test Method E77 (for the integral thermometer), is recommended5. Type5.1 Hydrometers shall be of the constant-mass, variable-displacement type. Hydrometers shall be made of glass, except for thescale, ballast, and the thermometric liquid of thermohydro
20、meters.5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall be symmetrical about the vertical axis.There shall be no uneven or unnecessarythickening of the walls, and no abrupt changes or constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend to trap air bubbles whenthe instrument is immersed.5.3 The
21、 hydrometer shall always float with its axis vertical in liquids for which it is intended.5.4 The hydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on the inside when sealed. The top of the stem shall be neatly rounded withoutunnecessary thickening.5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free of bubbles, c
22、racks, strain patterns, or other imperfections that might interferewith the use of the hydrometer. The glass shall adequately resist the reaction of chemical agents to which hydrometers may beexposed and shall have suitable thermal properties to permit its use over the range of temperatures to which
23、 it may be subjected.In general, glasses suitable for constructing the bulbs of thermometers are satisfactory for hydrometers.5.6 The API hydrometers are intended to be used in conjunction with Test Method D287, hydrometer readings being correctedusing Guide D1250, IP 200. Therefore, these hydromete
24、rs shall be made of glass having a coefficient of volumetric or cubicalexpansion of approximately 0.000023/1C or 0.0000128/1F at 15.56C (60F).6. Body6.1 The preferred shapes for the bodies of hydrometers are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.7. Ballast7.1 Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lower
25、 part of the body, and no loose material of any sort may be inside ahydrometer. When cement is used to hold the ballast securely in place, this cement shall not soften below 105C (221F).7.2 A solid material, such a shot, may be placed in a small bulb below the main bulb of the hydrometer and then me
26、lted orsecured by cement.7.3 If steel shot is used and sealed with wax, the wax shall not soften below 105C (221F).7.4 Mercury shall not be used as ballast material in plain form hydrometers.E100 1528. Stem8.1 The stem shall be uniform in cross section, with no perceptible irregularities. It shall e
27、xtend at least 15 mm above the topgraduation and remain cylindrical for at least 3 mm below the lowest graduation.9. Scale9.1 The material for the scale is not specified. However, if paper is used, it shall only be ledger paper, meeting the specificationsin Specification D3290. The scale may be anch
28、ored by a design which prevents it from moving; otherwise, it shall be fixed in placewith cement that will not soften below 105C (221F) and will not deteriorate with time. The paper shall show no evidence ofscorching or charring when received or after use at 105C (221F). The scale shall be straight
29、and without twist.(a) Plain Hydrometer (b) Thermohydrometer withThermometer in Body(c) Thermohydrometer withThermometer in StemFIG. 1 Typical Hydrometers DesignsFIG. 2 Soil HydrometersE100 15310. Markings10.1 Graduation lines and inscriptions shall be in a permanent black marking material, such as I
30、ndia ink.10.2 All graduation lines shall be straight, fine lines not exceeding one fifth of the graduation interval in thickness, and in nocase more than 0.2 mm. The lines shall be perpendicular to the vertical axis of the hydrometer. The lengths of main division lines,subdivision lines, and interme
31、diate lines, if used, shall be so chosen as to facilitate readings. The shortest lines shall be at least 2mm long.10.3 All numbers on API hydrometers shall be complete. The numbers for the 0.050 graduation lines on relative density(specific gravity) and density hydrometers shall include the values f
32、or the first three decimal places, for example: 0.750, 0.900,1.100; the other numbered lines may be abbreviated.10.4 Relative density (specific gravity) hydrometers may be marked sp. gr., rel. density, or with both designations. The twoterms are both acceptable in this standard and are used intercha
33、ngeably.10.5 For cemented scales, there shall be a permanent reference mark on the stem or on the scale of the hydrometercorresponding to a designated reference mark on the scale.NOTE 2An etched mark, visible to the naked eye, on the stem corresponding to the first nominal line on the scale or a red
34、 length of glass inside thestem ending at the top nominal line are examples of acceptable means of scale slip indicators.11. Graduation11.1 All hydrometers shall be graduated to read correctly where the plane of the level liquid surface intersects the stem.11.2 Hydrometers indicating density shall b
35、e graduated to indicate, at the temperature marked on the scale, the density of liquidsin kilograms per cubic metre.11.3 Relative Density (specific gravity) hydrometers shall be graduated to indicate the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of theliquid at the stated temperature to the mass of the sam
36、e volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.11.4 API hydrometers shall be graduated to give degrees of API gravity obtained as follows:API Gravity,deg5141.5/relative density 60/60F!#2131.5 (1)11.5 A list of liquids suitable for comparisons of hydrometers is found in Table 2 of Pract
37、ice E126.12. Thermohydrometers12.1 The thermometer shall be of the mercury-in-glass type. WarningMercury has been designated by EPA and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and cor
38、rosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products.See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website, http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or m
39、ercury containing products, or both, into yourstate may be prohibited by state law.12.2 The capillary stem shall be essentially parallel to the hydrometer axis.12.3 When the thermometer scale is located in the stem of the hydrometer, the scale shall be in red to distinguish it from thehydrometer sca
40、le.12.4 When the thermometer scale is in the stem, calibration and testing of the thermometer shall be based on immersion of thethermometer scale to the level of the mercury in the thermometer stem (total immersion).12.5 The requirements in Section 9 for the scale of the hydrometer shall apply also
41、to the scale of the thermometer.12.6 The thermometer shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E77.13. Special Inscription13.1 There shall appear on the scale or an extension thereof, or on a suitable label cemented permanently to the inside of theinstrument, an inscription that indicates t
42、he purpose of the hydrometer. If necessary, this inscription should denote the liquid forwhich the hydrometer is intended, the temperature at which it is to be used, and the character of the indication.13.2 The designation of standard temperature and reference temperature may be abbreviated, for exa
43、mple, sp gr 60/60F, meansthat the hydrometer indicates at 60F the relative density (specific gravity) of the liquid, referred to water at 60F as unity.13.3 The inscription shall include also the hydrometer number (1H, 6H, and so forth) but not the year designation (62, and soforth); a unique serial
44、number; and the name or trademark of the manufacturer or vendor.14. Standardization14.1 Hydrometers shall be calibrated and verified per Practice E126.E100 15414.2 When calibrations are made at three scale points, the calibration points shall include at least 80 % of the graduated intervalof the sca
45、le. Neither of the extreme points shall be farther from the nearest end of the graduated scale than a distance representedby 25 % of the length of the graduated scale. No two adjacent points shall be farther apart than 50 % of the length of the graduatedscale.14.3 When calibrating thermohydrometers,
46、 the thermometer in the instrument shall not be used to determine the temperatureof the bath. An ASTM Gravity Thermometer as prescribed in Specifications E1 (ASTM 12C/ASTM 12F or ASTM 136C/ASTM136F) or E2251 (ASTM S12C/ASTM S12F), or an instrument of equal sensitivity and accuracy, shall be used.15.
47、 Case15.1 The hydrometer shall be supplied in suitable packaging on which shall appear the ASTM number, name, and range, asgiven in Table 1.15.2 The thermohydrometer packaging shall meet the requirements of 15.1 and shall also ensure that no mercury leakage willoccur should the thermohydrometer brea
48、k in shipment or storage. Thermohydrometers shall be properly labeled to warnusers/handlers that the instrument inside the packaging contains mercury.16. Procedure for Inspections16.1 Manufacturers shall perform the following inspections before releasing finished instruments. For quality assurancepu
49、rposes a robust percentage of each lot of instruments shall be inspected. If a Certificate of Conformance, however named, isissued for each instrument, the certificate shall state the quality assurance procedure the manufacturer uses to issue the certificate.16.2 Visual Inspection:16.2.1 Inspect the hydrometer carefully to be certain there are no cracks, fissures, deep scratches, rough areas, or other obviousdamage to the glass. Reject the hydrometer if any of these defects are present. The glass of the hydrometer shall meet all th
