1、Designation: E 135 08aStandard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms t
3、hat are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards org
4、anization or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E
5、1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE 2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE 2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test
6、 Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and r
7、elatedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaccuracy, nof methods of chemical analysis, a characteristicmanifeste
8、d by agreement. E 1914aim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E 2437aim tota
9、l intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client. E 2438aim uncertainty budget, ndurin
10、g the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target alloca-tion of interlaboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guid
11、ance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E 24371This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition
12、 approved April 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 135 08e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
13、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unite
14、d States.analytical curvesee calibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the componentdetermined by a method. E 1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the specimen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used for analysis
15、.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arc, na self-maintaining dc discharge.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emissi
16、on spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical discharges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spec
17、tral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.b-value, nin sta
18、tistics, the difference between the mean of aset of results on a material and its accepted reference value.(Compare error.) E 1914between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of results obtained on the same material indifferent laboratories (synonym: reproducibility). E 1914buff
19、er, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to v
20、aporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to establish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the concentration or mass ofthe analyte; (2) to establish a t
21、able of corrections to improvethe accuracy of equipment used to measure physical prop-erties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing: (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe concentration or mass of the substa
22、nce determined; (2)atable of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipmentused to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the relationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concent
23、ration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arcsee under arc.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure which establishes trace-ability
24、to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfidence.DISCUSSIONSee also standard reference material (SRM).counter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode i
25、n an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nfor an analytical instrument, the minimumquantity of analyte expected to yield a response greater thanzero. E 1914discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-charges from capacitors initiated by a
26、 separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver alloy bead
27、 which results fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational (parallel) and rotational shift inan instrument calibration, or both.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of twoterminals between which an electrical discharge occu
28、rs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. (Compareb-value.) E 1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energy detector cause
29、d bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.neutral filter, na filter that attenuates the radiant powerreaching the detector by the same factor a
30、t all wavelengthswithin a prescribed wavelength region.nonselective filternot recommended, see under filter.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.i
31、ncrement, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and accuracy of a test method.E 1914E 135 08a2interlaborator
32、y uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a final report value to the client.E 2437internal standard, nin spe
33、ctrometry, a material present in oradded to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, n
34、in a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties
35、in order toreport that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E 2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory sa
36、mplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/dl where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded
37、 as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E 1914method, ninstructions used to produce a numerical result,which are detailed in a document referred to as “themethod.” E 1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on
38、a test material obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E 1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.neutral filtersee under filter.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.nonselective filterse
39、e under filter.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the processof adjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay,
40、 separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachm
41、easured constituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge durin
42、g which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.precisionof methods of chemical analysis, a characteristicmanifested by agreement among individual results at a givenanalyte content. E 1914premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner
43、in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or ap
44、parent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to
45、 the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs persecond or watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x i
46、s the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), nmaterial or substance one ormore of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneousand well established to be used for the calibration of anapparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or forassigning values to materials. ISO Guide
47、 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E 1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20comparison
48、s (95 % probability). E 1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E 1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standard devia-tion. E 1914reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same material in twolaboratori
49、es, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability). E 1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E 1914resolution, nin atomic spectrometry, the minimum distanceby which two spectral lines must be separated before theyE 135 08a3can be distinguished as being separate.result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E 1914sample, nin
