1、Designation: E140 12Standard Hardness Conversion Tables forMetals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, VickersHardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, KnoopHardness, and Scleroscope Hardness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E140; the number immediately following the desi
2、gnation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by
3、 agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 Conversion Table 1 presents data in the Rockwell Chardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superficialhardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-austenitic steels includi
4、ng carbon, alloy, and tool steels in theas-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and temperedconditions provided that they are homogeneous.1.2 Conversion Table 2 presents data in the Rockwell Bhardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwel
5、l superficialhardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in theas-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and temperedconditions provided that they are homogeneous.1.3 Conversion Table 3 presents data on the relationshipamon
6、g Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,Rockwell superficial hardness, and Knoop hardness of nickeland high-nickel alloys (nickel content over 50 %). Thesehardness conversion relationships are intended to apply par-ticularly to the following: nickel-aluminum-silicon specimensfinished
7、 to commercial mill standards for hardness testing,covering the entire range of these alloys from their annealed totheir heavily cold-worked or age-hardened conditions, includ-ing their intermediate conditions.1.4 Conversion Table 4 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Vickers ha
8、rdness, Rockwell hardness,and Rockwell superficial hardness of cartridge brass.1.5 Conversion Table 5presents data on the relationshipbetween Brinell hardness and Rockwell B hardness of auste-nitic stainless steel plate in the annealed condition.1.6 Conversion Table 6 presents data on the relationsh
9、ipbetween Rockwell hardness and Rockwell superficial hardnessof austenitic stainless steel sheet.1.7 Conversion Table 7presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,Rockwell superficial hardness, and Knoop hardness of copper.1.8 Conversion Table 8 prese
10、nts data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Vickershardness of alloyed white iron.1.9 Conversion Table 9 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,and Rockwell superficial hardness of wrought aluminum prod-ucts.1.10 Ma
11、ny of the conversion values presented herein wereobtained from computer-generated curves of actual test data.Most Rockwell hardness numbers are presented to the nearest0.1 or 0.5 hardness number to permit accurate reproduction ofthese curves. Since all converted hardness values must beconsidered app
12、roximate, however, all converted Rockwellhardness numbers shall be rounded to the nearest wholenumber in accordance with Practice E29.1.11 Appendix X1-Appendix X9 contain equations devel-oped from the data in Tables 19, respectively, to convert fromone hardness scale to another. Since all converted
13、hardnessvalues must be considered approximate, however, all convertedhardness numbers shall be rounded in accordance with PracticeE29.1.12 Conversion of hardness values should be used onlywhen it is impossible to test the material under the conditionsspecified, and when conversion is made it should
14、be done withdiscretion and under controlled conditions. Each type ofhardness test is subject to certain errors, but if precautions arecarefully observed, the reliability of hardness readings made oninstruments of the indentation type will be found comparable.Differences in sensitivity within the ran
15、ge of a given hardnessscale (for example, Rockwell B) may be greater than betweentwo different scales or types of instruments. The conversion1These conversion tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onInden
16、tation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2012. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E140 07. DOI:10.1520/E0140-12.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
17、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C Hardness Range)A, BRock-well CHardnessNumber150 kgf(HRC)VickersHardnessNumber(HV)Brinell Hardness NumberCKnoopHardness,Number500-gf andOver(HK)Rockwell
18、 Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness NumberSclero-scopeHard-nessNumberDRock-well CHardnessNumber150 kgf(HRC)10-mmStandardBall,3000-kgf(HBS)10-mmCarbideBall,3000-kgf(HBW)A Scale,60-kgf(HRA)D Scale,100-kgf(HRD)15-N Scale,15-kgf(HR 15-N)30-N Scale,30-kgf(HR 30-N)45-N Scale,45-kgf(HR 45-N)68 9
19、40 . . 920 85.6 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 97.3 6867 900 . . 895 85.0 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95.0 6766 865 . . 870 84.5 75.4 92.5 82.8 73.3 92.7 6665 832 . (739) 846 83.9 74.5 92.2 81.9 72.0 90.6 6564 800 . (722) 822 83.4 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 88.5 6463 772 . (705) 799 82.8 73.0 91.4 80.1 69.9 86.5 6362 746 . (
20、688) 776 82.3 72.2 91.1 79.3 68.8 84.5 6261 720 . (670) 754 81.8 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 82.6 6160 697 . (654) 732 81.2 70.7 90.2 77.5 66.6 80.8 6059 674 . 634 710 80.7 69.9 89.8 76.6 65.5 79.0 5958 653 . 615 690 80.1 69.2 89.3 75.7 64.3 77.3 5857 633 . 595 670 79.6 68.5 88.9 74.8 63.2 75.6 5756 613 . 5
21、77 650 79.0 67.7 88.3 73.9 62.0 74.0 5655 595 . 560 630 78.5 66.9 87.9 73.0 60.9 72.4 5554 577 . 543 612 78.0 66.1 87.4 72.0 59.8 70.9 5453 560 . 525 594 77.4 65.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 69.4 5352 544 (500) 512 576 76.8 64.6 86.4 70.2 57.4 67.9 5251 528 (487) 496 558 76.3 63.8 85.9 69.4 56.1 66.5 5150 513 (
22、475) 481 542 75.9 63.1 85.5 68.5 55.0 65.1 5049 498 (464) 469 526 75.2 62.1 85.0 67.6 53.8 63.7 4948 484 451 455 510 74.7 61.4 84.5 66.7 52.5 62.4 4847 471 442 443 495 74.1 60.8 83.9 65.8 51.4 61.1 4746 458 432 432 480 73.6 60.0 83.5 64.8 50.3 59.8 4645 446 421 421 466 73.1 59.2 83.0 64.0 49.0 58.5
23、4544 434 409 409 452 72.5 58.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 57.3 4443 423 400 400 438 72.0 57.7 82.0 62.2 46.7 56.1 4342 412 390 390 426 71.5 56.9 81.5 61.3 45.5 54.9 4241 402 381 381 414 70.9 56.2 80.9 60.4 44.3 53.7 4140 392 371 371 402 70.4 55.4 80.4 59.5 43.1 52.6 4039 382 362 362 391 69.9 54.6 79.9 58.6 41.9
24、 51.5 3938 372 353 353 380 69.4 53.8 79.4 57.7 40.8 50.4 3837 363 344 344 370 68.9 53.1 78.8 56.8 39.6 49.3 3736 354 336 336 360 68.4 52.3 78.3 55.9 38.4 48.2 3635 345 327 327 351 67.9 51.5 77.7 55.0 37.2 47.1 3534 336 319 319 342 67.4 50.8 77.2 54.2 36.1 46.1 3433 327 311 311 334 66.8 50.0 76.6 53.
25、3 34.9 45.1 3332 318 301 301 326 66.3 49.2 76.1 52.1 33.7 44.1 3231 310 294 294 318 65.8 48.4 75.6 51.3 32.5 43.1 3130 302 286 286 311 65.3 47.7 75.0 50.4 31.3 42.2 3029 294 279 279 304 64.8 47.0 74.5 49.5 30.1 41.3 2928 286 271 271 297 64.3 46.1 73.9 48.6 28.9 40.4 2827 279 264 264 290 63.8 45.2 73
26、.3 47.7 27.8 39.5 2726 272 258 258 284 63.3 44.6 72.8 46.8 26.7 38.7 2625 266 253 253 278 62.8 43.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 37.8 2524 260 247 247 272 62.4 43.1 71.6 45.0 24.3 37.0 2423 254 243 243 266 62.0 42.1 71.0 44.0 23.1 36.3 2322 248 237 237 261 61.5 41.6 70.5 43.2 22.0 35.5 2221 243 231 231 256 61.0 4
27、0.9 69.9 42.3 20.7 34.8 2120 238 226 226 251 60.5 40.1 69.4 41.5 19.6 34.2 20AIn the table headings, force refers to total test forces.BAppendix X1 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Rockwell C hardness numbers for non-austenitic steels. Refer to 1.11 before usingconv
28、ersion equations.CThe Brinell hardness numbers in parentheses are outside the range recommended for Brinell hardness testing in 8.1 of Test Method E10.DThese Scleroscope hardness conversions are based on VickersScleroscope hardness relationships developed from Vickers hardness data provided by the N
29、ationalBureau of Standards for 13 steel reference blocks, Scleroscope hardness values obtained on these blocks by the Shore Instrument and Mfg. Co., Inc., the RollManufacturers Institute, and members of this institute, and also on hardness conversions previously published by the American Society for
30、 Metals and the RollManufacturers Institute.E140 122values, whether from the tables or calculated from theequations, are only approximate and may be inaccurate forspecific application.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Method
31、s for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials(Withdrawn 2010)3E384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness ofMaterialsE448 Practice for Scle
32、roscope Hardness Testing of MetallicMaterials3. Methods for Hardness Determinations3.1 The hardness readings used with these conversion tablesshall be determined in accordance with one of the followingASTM test methods:3.1.1 Vickers HardnessTest Method E92.3.1.2 Brinell HardnessTest Method E10.3.1.3
33、 Rockwell HardnessTest Method E18 Scales A, B, C,D, E, F, G, H, K, 15-N, 30-N, 45-N, 15-T, 30-T, 45-T, 15-W.3.1.4 Knoop HardnessTest Method E384.3.1.5 Scleroscope4HardnessPractice E448.NOTE 1The comparative hardness test done to generate the conver-sion tables in this standard were preformed in past
34、 years using ASTM testmethods in effect at the time of testing. In some cases, the standards havechanged in ways that could affect the final results. For example, currentlyboth the Rockwell and Brinell hardness standards (Test MethodE10 andE18, respectively) allow or require the use of tungsten carb
35、ide ball2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standar
36、d is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Registered trademark of the Shore Instrument and Manufacturing Co., Inc.TABLE 2 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell B Hardness Range)A, BRockwell BHardnessNumber,100-kgf(HRB)VickersHardnessNumber(HV)Brinell Hard-ness Number,3000
37、-kgf,(HBS)Knoop Hard-ness Number,500-gf, andOver(HK)Rockwell AHardnessNumber,60-kgf,(HRA)Rockwell FHardnessNumber,60-kgf,(HRF)Rockwell Superficial Hardness NumberRockwell BHardnessNumber,100-kgf,(HRB)15-T Scale,15-kgf,(HR 15-T)30-T Scale,30-kgf,(HR 30-T)45-T Scale,45-kgf,(HR 45-T)100 240 240 251 61.
38、5 . 93.1 83.1 72.9 10099 234 234 246 60.9 . 92.8 82.5 71.9 9998 228 228 241 60.2 . 92.5 81.8 70.9 9897 222 222 236 59.5 . 92.1 81.1 69.9 9796 216 216 231 58.9 . 91.8 80.4 68.9 9695 210 210 226 58.3 . 91.5 79.8 67.9 9594 205 205 221 57.6 . 91.2 79.1 66.9 9493 200 200 216 57.0 . 90.8 78.4 65.9 9392 19
39、5 195 211 56.4 . 90.5 77.8 64.8 9291 190 190 206 55.8 . 90.2 77.1 63.8 9190 185 185 201 55.2 . 89.9 76.4 62.8 9089 180 180 196 54.6 . 89.5 75.8 61.8 8988 176 176 192 54.0 . 89.2 75.1 60.8 8887 172 172 188 53.4 . 88.9 74.4 59.8 8786 169 169 184 52.8 . 88.6 73.8 58.8 8685 165 165 180 52.3 . 88.2 73.1
40、57.8 8584 162 162 176 51.7 . 87.9 72.4 56.8 8483 159 159 173 51.1 . 87.6 71.8 55.8 8382 156 156 170 50.6 . 87.3 71.1 54.8 8281 153 153 167 50.0 . 86.9 70.4 53.8 8180 150 150 164 49.5 . 86.6 69.7 52.8 8079 147 147 161 48.9 . 86.3 69.1 51.8 7978 144 144 158 48.4 . 86.0 68.4 50.8 7877 141 141 155 47.9
41、. 85.6 67.7 49.8 7776 139 139 152 47.3 . 85.3 67.1 48.8 7675 137 137 150 46.8 99.6 85.0 66.4 47.8 7574 135 135 147 46.3 99.1 84.7 65.7 46.8 7473 132 132 145 45.8 98.5 84.3 65.1 45.8 7372 130 130 143 45.3 98.0 84.0 64.4 44.8 7271 127 127 141 44.8 97.4 83.7 63.7 43.8 7170 125 125 139 44.3 96.8 83.4 63
42、.1 42.8 7069 123 123 137 43.8 96.2 83.0 62.4 41.8 6968 121 121 135 43.3 95.6 82.7 61.7 40.8 6867 119 119 133 42.8 95.1 82.4 61.0 39.8 6766 117 117 131 42.3 94.5 82.1 60.4 38.7 6665 116 116 129 41.8 93.9 81.8 59.7 37.7 6564 114 114 127 41.4 93.4 81.4 59.0 36.7 6463 112 112 125 40.9 92.8 81.1 58.4 35.
43、7 6362 110 110 124 40.4 92.2 80.8 57.7 34.7 6261 108 108 122 40.0 91.7 80.5 57.0 33.7 6160 107 107 120 39.5 91.1 80.1 56.4 32.7 60E140 123indenters; however, all of the ball scale Rockwell hardness tests (HRB,HR30T, etc.) and most of the Brinell hardness tests preformed to developthese tables used h
44、ardened steel ball indenters. The use of tungsten carbideballs will produce slightly different hardness results than steel balls.Therefore, the user is cautioned to consider these differences and to keepin mind the approximate nature of these conversions when applying themto the results of tests usi
45、ng tungsten carbide balls.4. Apparatus and Reference Standards4.1 The apparatus and reference standards shall conform tothe description in Test Methods E92, E10, E18, E384, andPractice E448.5. Principle of Method of Conversion5.1 Tests have proved that even the most reliable datacannot be fitted to
46、a single conversion relationship for allmetals. Indentation hardness is not a single fundamentalproperty but a combination of properties, and the contributionof each to the hardness number varies with the type of test. Themodulus of elasticity has been shown to influence conversionsat high hardness
47、levels; and at low hardness levels conversionsbetween hardness scales measuring depth and those measuringdiameter are likewise influenced by differences in the modulusof elasticity. Therefore separate conversion tables are necessaryfor different materials.NOTE 2Hardness conversion values for other m
48、etals based oncomparative test on similar materials having similar mechanical propertieswill be added to this standard as the need arises.6. Significance and Use6.1 The conversion values given in the tables, or calculatedby the equations given in the appendixes, should only beconsidered valid for th
49、e specific materials indicated. This isbecause conversions can be affected by several factors, includ-ing the material alloy, grain structure, heat treatment, etc.6.2 Since the various types of hardness tests do not allmeasure the same combination of material properties, conver-sion from one hardness scale to another is only an approximateprocess. Because of the wide range of variation amongdifferent materials, it is not possible to state confidence limitsfor the errors in using a conversion chart. Even in the case ofa table established for a single material, such as the
