1、Designation: E 165 09Standard Practice forLiquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers procedures for penetrant examina-tion of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testingmethod for detecting
3、 discontinuities that are open to the surfacesuch as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations,through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process,final, and maintenance testing. It can be effectively used in theexamination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous andnonf
4、errous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as non-porous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certainnonporous plastics, and glass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination processrecommended or required by individual organizations can
5、bereviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications andprocedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of partsand materials.Agreement by the customer requesting penetrantinspection is strongly recommended. All areas of this prac
6、ticemay be open to agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific direction from thecognizant engineering organization.1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnelconcerned with liquid penetrant testing.1.3 This practice does not indicate or su
7、ggest criteria forevaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. Itshould be pointed out, however, that after indications havebeen found, they must be interpreted or classified and thenevaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code,standard, or a specific agreement to define
8、 the type, size,location, and direction of indications considered acceptable,and those considered unacceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. SI units are provided for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concer
9、ns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum
10、 Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)E 516 Practice for Testing Thermal Conductivity DetectorsUsed in Gas ChromatographyD 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperatur
11、e Method)D 4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by ChemicallySuppressed Ion ChromatographyE 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 1208 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Lipophil
12、ic Post-Emulsification Pro-cessE 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE 1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-cessE 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-am
13、ination Using the Solvent-Removable ProcessE 1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant ExaminationUsing Solvent-Removable ProcessE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant TestingE 1418 Test Method for Visible Penetrant ExaminationUsing the Water-Washable Pro
14、cess2.2 ASNT Document:4SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved July 1,
15、2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 165 - 02.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Recom-mended Test Method SE-165 in the Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
16、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fromAmerican Society for NondestructiveTesting (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.o
17、rg.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Testing Personnel Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 N
18、ondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification52.4 APHA Standard:429 Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater62.5 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel72.6 SAE Standards:8AMS 2644 Inspection Material, PenetrantQPL-AMS-2644 Qu
19、alified Products of Inspection Materi-als, Penetrant3. Terminology3.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant examination,which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to the termsused in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Liquid penetrant may consist of visible or fluorescentmaterial. T
20、he liquid penetrant is applied evenly over thesurface being examined and allowed to enter open discontinui-ties.After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant isremoved. A developer is applied to draw the entrapped pen-etrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. The testsurfa
21、ce is then examined to determine the presence or absenceof indications.NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by agreement between thecontracting parties.NOTE 2Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a visiblepenetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in accor-dance with 10
22、.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration orquenching of fluorescent dyes.4.2 Processing parameters, such as surface precleaning,penetrant dwell time and excess penetrant removal methods,are dependent on the specific materials used, the nature of thepart under examination, (that is, size, sha
23、pe, surface condition,alloy) and type of discontinuities expected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence,location and, to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude ofthe detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrantmethods has been designed for s
24、pecific uses such as criticalservice items, volume of parts, portability or localized areas ofexamination. The method selected will depend accordingly onthe design and service requirements of the parts or materialsbeing tested.6. Classification of Penetrant Materials and Methods6.1 Liquid penetrant
25、examination methods and types areclassified in accordance with MIL-I-25135 and AMS 2644 aslisted in Table 1.6.2 Fluorescent Penetrant Testing (Type 1)Fluorescentpenetrant testing utilizes penetrants that fluoresce brilliantlywhen excited by black light (UVA). The sensitivity of fluores-cent penetran
26、ts depends on their ability to be retained in thevarious size discontinuities during processing, and then tobleed out into the developer coating and produce indicationsthat will fluoresce. Fluorescent indications are many timesbrighter than their surroundings when viewed under appropri-ate black lig
27、ht illumination.6.3 Visible Penetrant Testing (Type 2)Visible penetranttesting uses a penetrant that can be seen in visible light. Thepenetrant is usually red, so that resultant indications produce adefinite contrast with the white background of the developer.Visible penetrant indications must be vi
28、ewed under adequatewhite light.7. Materials7.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Materials consist of fluores-cent or visible penetrants, emulsifiers (oil-base and water-base), removers (water and solvent), and developers (drypowder, aqueous and nonaqueous).Afamily of liquid penetrantexamination materials co
29、nsists of the applicable penetrant andemulsifier, as recommended by the manufacturer. Any liquidpenetrant, remover and developer listed in QPL-25135/QPL-AMS2644 can be used, regardless of the manufacturer. Inter-mixing of penetrants and emulsifiers from different manufac-turers is prohibited.NOTE 3R
30、efer to 9.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen andalkali metal content.NOTE 4While approved penetrant materials will not adversely affectcommon metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may be swollen orstained by certain penetrants.7.2 Penetrants:7.2.1 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are
31、insoluble in waterand cannot be removed with water rinsing alone. They areformulated to be selectively removed from the surface using aseparate emulsifier. Properly applied and given a properemulsification time, the emulsifier combines with the excesssurface penetrant to form a water-washable mixtur
32、e, which can5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.6Available from American Public Health Association, Publication Office, 1015Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.7Available from
33、 Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.8Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.TABLE 1 Classification of Penetrant Exa
34、mination Types andMethodsType IFluorescent Penetrant ExaminationMethod AWater-washable (see Test Method E 1209)Method BPost-emulsifiable, lipophilic (see Test Method E 1208)Method CSolvent removable (see Test Method E 1219)Method DPost-emulsifiable, hydrophilic (see Test Method E 1210)Type IIVisible
35、 Penetrant ExaminationMethod AWater-washable (see Test Method E 1418)Method CSolvent removable (see Test Method E 1220)E165092be rinsed from the surface, leaving the surface free of excessivefluorescent background. Proper emulsification time must beexperimentally established and maintained to ensure
36、 thatover-emulsification does not result in loss of indications.7.2.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are formulated to be di-rectly water-washable from the surface of the test part, after asuitable penetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in,” water-washable penetrants can be washed out of
37、disconti-nuities if the rinsing step is too long or too vigorous. It istherefore extremely important to exercise proper control in theremoval of excess surface penetrant to ensure against over-washing. Some penetrants are less resistant to overwashingthan others, so caution should be exercised.7.2.3
38、 Solvent-Removable Penetrants are formulated so thatexcess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping until mostof the penetrant has been removed. The remaining tracesshould be removed with the solvent remover (see 8.6.4). Toprevent removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care shouldbe taken to a
39、void the use of excess solvent. Flushing thesurface with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohib-ited as the penetrant indications could easily be washed away.7.3 Emulsifiers:7.3.1 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oil-miscible liquids used toemulsify the post-emulsified penetrant on the surface o
40、f thepart, rendering it water-washable. The individual characteris-tics of the emulsifier and penetrant, and the geometry/surfaceroughness of the part material contribute to determining theemulsification time.7.3.2 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are water-miscible liquidsused to emulsify the excess post-em
41、ulsified penetrant on thesurface of the part, rendering it water-washable. These water-base emulsifiers (detergent-type removers) are supplied asconcentrates to be diluted with water and used as a dip or spray.The concentration, use and maintenance shall be in accordancewith manufacturers recommenda
42、tions.7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by displacing theexcess penetrant film from the surface of the part throughdetergent action. The force of the water spray or air/mechanicalagitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing actionwhile the detergent displaces the film of penetrant fro
43、m the partsurface. The individual characteristics of the emulsifier andpenetrant, and the geometry and surface roughness of the partmaterial contribute to determining the emulsification time.Emulsification concentration shall be monitored weekly usinga suitable refractometer.7.4 Solvent RemoversSolv
44、ent removers function by dis-solving the penetrant, making it possible to wipe the surfaceclean and free of excess penetrant.7.5 DevelopersDevelopers form a translucent or whiteabsorptive coating that aids in bringing the penetrant out ofsurface discontinuities through blotting action, thus increasi
45、ngthe visibility of the indications.7.5.1 Dry Powder DevelopersDry powder developers areused as supplied, that is, free-flowing, non-caking powder (see8.8.1). Care should be taken not to contaminate the developerwith fluorescent penetrant, as the contaminated developerspecks can appear as penetrant
46、indications.7.5.2 Aqueous DevelopersAqueous developers are nor-mally supplied as dry powder particles to be either suspended(water suspendable) or dissolved (water soluble) in water. Theconcentration, use and maintenance shall be in accordance withmanufacturers recommendations. Water soluble develop
47、ersshall not be used with Type 2 penetrants or Type 1, Method Apenetrants.NOTE 5Aqueous developers may cause stripping of indications if notproperly applied and controlled. The procedure should be qualified inaccordance with 10.2.7.5.3 Nonaqueous Wet DevelopersNonaqueous wet de-velopers are supplied
48、 as suspensions of developer particles ina nonaqueous solvent carrier ready for use as supplied.Nonaqueous, wet developers are sprayed on to form a thincoating on the surface of the part when dried. This thin coatingserves as the developing medium.NOTE 6This type of developer is intended for applica
49、tion by sprayonly.7.5.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer may bestripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see8.8.4).8. Procedure8.1 The following processing parameters apply to bothfluorescent and visible penetrant testing methods.8.2 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed shall bebetween 40
