1、Designation: E176 12 An American National StandardStandard Terminology ofFire Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, anddescriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-response standards, fire-ha
3、zard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standarddefinitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard, fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standar
4、d is properly understood and preciselyinterpreted.NOTE 1For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on FireStandards.21.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
5、-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C1224 Specification for Reflective Insulation for BuildingApplicationsC1313 Spe
6、cification for Sheet Radiant Barriers for BuildingConstruction ApplicationsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE108 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof CoveringsE84 Test
7、Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE152 Test Method for Fire Tests Of DoorAssemblies (With-drawn 1995)4E162 Test Method for Su
8、rface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE163 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Window Assemblies(Withdrawn 1999)4E603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Ener
9、gy SourceE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or GeneratedDuring FiresE814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration FirestopSystemsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using a Ther-mopile MethodE970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of
10、 ExposedAtticFloor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine SurfaceFinishesE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE135
11、3 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire ModelsE1474 Tes
12、t Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminol
13、ogy andEditorial.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E176 - 10a1. DOI:10.1520/E0176-12.2Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, WestConshohocken, PA 19428.3For referenced ASTM standards,
14、 visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyrigh
15、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-BurningTypeE1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hy-drocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assem-bliesE1537 Test Method fo
16、r Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Haz
17、ard AnalysisE1725 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive BarrierSystems for Electrical System ComponentsE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallCovering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a ConeCalorimeterE1776 Guide for Dev
18、elopment of Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandardsE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint SystemsE1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke ObscurationUsing a Conical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyE
19、2010 Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire Tests ofWindow Assemblies (Withdrawn 2007)4E2032 Guide for Extension of Data From Fire ResistanceTests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic PolymerMaterial Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Appara-tus (
20、FPA)E2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2074 Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged andPivoted Swinging Door Assemblies (Withdrawn 200
21、7)4E2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss andIgnitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Ra-diant HeaterE2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength ofCigarettesE2226 Practice for Application of Hose StreamE2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance ofPerimeter Fire Ba
22、rriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-story Test ApparatusE2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Pack-ages for Radioactive MaterialE2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2257 Test Method for Room
23、 Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesE2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect ofUpholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms ofHealth Care FacilitiesE2335 Guide for Laboratory MonitorsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofWall or Ceiling Coverings
24、to Assess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE2405 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Testwith Vertically Oriented Specimen (Withdrawn 2011)4E2536 Guide forAssessment of Measurement Uncertainty inFire TestsE2573 Practice for Specimen Prepa
25、ration and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface Burn-ing CharacteristicsE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to AssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE2652 Tes
26、t Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750CE2653 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine Precision Estimates for a Fire Test Methodwith Fewer Than Six Participating LaboratoriesE2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mou
27、nting ofTapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration ofExterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impinge-ment ExposureE2749 Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of FurnaceExposure on Test Specimens2.2 ISO Standards5:ISO 1182, Fire Tests-Build
28、ing Materials-Non-Combustibility TestISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 DefinitionsTerms and related definitions given inSection 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in allfire test standards and in all fire-test-response standards,fire-hazard-assessment standar
29、ds, and fire-risk-assessmentstandards in which they appear.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitionsare intended to provide a precise understanding and interpre-tation of fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessmentstandar
30、ds, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which theyappear.3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable tothe standard or standards in which the term is described andused.3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearingrespectively in two or more standards, are acceptable provide
31、d5Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secre-tariat 1, rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland orAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046.E176 122each one is consistent with and not in conflict with the
32、standarddefinition for the same term, that is, concept.3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a mannerspecially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term andits description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issuesand not
33、included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943.When discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176shall prevail.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope ofthis standard are given in Section 4 in alphabetical order.AnnexA1 contains the definitions of terms
34、 that are included inother fire standards.4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed di-rectly under the appropriate definition. The date following eachdefinition or discussion indicates the year of introduction or oflatest revision of that particular definition or discussion.4.3 Defini
35、tions:afterglow, npersistence of glowing combustion after bothremoval of the ignition source and the cessation of anyflaming. (2005)6assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination ofmaterials or products, or both. (1990)burn, vto undergo combustion. (1989)char, vto form carbonaceous residu
36、e during pyrolysis orduring incomplete combustion. (1979)char, na carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis orincomplete combustion. (1979)chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent causedby convection currents confined within an essentially verti-cal enclosure. (2006)DISCUSSIONThis usually d
37、raws more air into the fire. (2006)combustible, adjcapable of undergoing combustion. (1985)DISCUSSIONThe term combustible is often delimited to specificfire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are consid-ered combustible if they are capable of undergoing combustion in air atpressure
38、s and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building.Similarly, some materials that are not combustible under such condi-tions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures andpressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment. Materials that are notcombustible in bulk form may be co
39、mbustible in finely divided form.(1985)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usuallylight either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smolder-ing. ) (1989)combustion products, neffluent produced when a materialundergoes combus
40、tion (see also smoke; see also combus-tion). (2001)DISCUSSIONThe combustion process releases effluents that havemass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, asheat or light, and sometimes sound. However, the common usage of theterm combustion products in ASTM E05 standards
41、is only for thosewhich have mass. (2001)composite, nstructured combination of two or more discretematerials. (2008)continuous, adjin data collection, conducted at intervals of5 s or less. (2008)effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat generatedper unit mass lost by a material, product or as
42、sembly, whenexposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heatof combustion) (2003).DISCUSSIONThe effective heat of combustion depends on the testmethod and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by themass loss during a specified period of time under the specified testcondit
43、ions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided bythe specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat ofcombustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire testconditions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrationsunder high pressure, the effect
44、ive heat of combustion will approximatethe gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions willrepresent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and theeffective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical unitsare kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)environment, nas related
45、 to fire, the conditions and sur-roundings that may influence the behavior of a material,product, or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sourcesor fire. (1989)fire, ndestructive burning as manifested by any or all of thefollowing: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)fire-characteristic profile, nan
46、 array of fire-test-responsecharacteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the samefire scenario, for a material, product, or assembly to address,collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. (See also firehazard, fire risk, and fire-test-response characteristic.)(1993)DISCUSSIONAn array of fi
47、re-test-response characteristics in a set ofdata relevant to the assessment of fire hazard in a particular firescenario. In other words, all the fire tests used would have a demon-strated validity for the fire scenario in question, for example by havingcomparable fire intensities. The fire-character
48、istic profile is intended asa collective guide to the potential fire hazard from a material, product,or assembly involved in a fire that could be represented by thelaboratory test conditions. (1993)fire exposure, nprocess by which or extent to whichhumans, animals, materials, products, or assemblies
49、 aresubjected to the conditions created by fire. (1991)fire gases, nthe airborne products emitted by a material,product, or assembly undergoing pyrolysis or combustion,that exist in the gas phase at the relevant temperature. (1979)fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated with fire.(1989)DISCUSSIONA fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people,animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environ-ment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics ofmaterials, products, or assemblies including but not limited to ease of
