1、Designation: E 213 09Standard Practice forUltrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers a procedure for detecting discon-tinuities in metal pipe and tubing during a volumetric exami-nation using ultrasonic metho
3、ds. Specific techniques of theultrasonic method to which this practice applies includepulse-reflection techniques, both contact and non-contact (forexample, as described in Guide E 1774), and angle beamimmersion techniques. Artificial reflectors consisting of longi-tudinal, and, when specified by th
4、e using party or parties,transverse reference notches placed on the surfaces of areference standard are employed as the primary means ofstandardizing the ultrasonic system.1.2 This practice is intended for use with tubular productshaving outside diameters approximately12 in. (12.7 mm) andlarger, pro
5、vided that the examination parameters comply withand satisfy the requirements of Section 12. These procedureshave been successful with smaller sizes. These may be speci-fied upon contractual agreement between the using parties.These procedures are intended to ensure that proper beamangles and beam s
6、hapes are used to provide full volumecoverage of pipes and tubes, including those with low ratios ofoutside diameter-to-wall thickness, and to avoid spurioussignal responses when examining small-diameter, thin-walltubes.1.3 The procedure in Annex A1 is applicable to pipe andtubing used in nuclear an
7、d other special and safety applica-tions.The procedure inAnnexA2 may be used to determine thehelical scan pitch.1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; theymust be specified by the using party or parties.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The S
8、I equivalents are in parentheses and may beapproximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
9、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of UltrasonicSearch UnitsE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1774 Guide for Electromagneti
10、c Acoustic Transducers(EMATs)E 1816 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing Using Electromag-netic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques2.2 ASNT Documents:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification4ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
11、fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel42.3 Military Standards:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification52.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor
12、definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, see Terminology E 1316.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A pulsed ultrasonic angle beam by means of non-contact, surface contact or immersion method shall be used.Fig. 1 illustrates the characteristic ultrasonic angle beam entry1This practice is under the jurisdi
13、ction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 213 - 04.2For ASME Boiler and Pressur
14、e Vessel Code applications see related PracticeSE-213 in the Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM web
15、site.4Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1711Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.6Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica,
16、Inc., 1250 Eye St.NW, Washington D.C. 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.into the wall of a pipe or tube in the circumferential directionto detect longitudinal discontinuities using a single search unit.Fig. 2 illu
17、strates the characteristic angle beam ultrasound entryinto the wall of a pipe or tube in the axial direction to searchfor transverse discontinuities using a single search unit.NOTE 1The immersion method may include tanks, wheel searchunits, or systems that use streams or columns of liquid to couple
18、theultrasonic energy from the search unit to the material.4.2 To ensure detection of discontinuities that may notprovide a favorable response from one side, scanning shall beperformed in both circumferential directions for longitudinaldiscontinuities and when an axial scan is specified by the usingp
19、arty or parties, in both axial directions for transverse discon-tinuities.4.3 For efficient examination of large quantities of material,multiple search units and instruments may be used simulta-neously to perform scanning in the required directions. Mul-tiple search units may be employed for “interl
20、aced” scanning ineach required direction to enable higher examination rates to beachieved through higher allowable scan index or “pitch.”FIG. 1 Circumferential Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube WallFIG. 2 Axial Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube WallE2130925. Significance and Use5.1 The pur
21、pose of this practice is to outline a procedure fordetecting and locating significant discontinuities such as pits,voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the ultrasonic pulse-reflection method.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following are items that must be decided upon bythe using party or part
22、ies.6.1.1 Size and type of pipe or tubing to be examined,6.1.2 Additional scanning for transverse discontinuities,6.1.3 Items that affect examination coverage may also bespecified such as scan overlap, pulse density and maximumsearch unit size.6.1.4 The stage(s) in the manufacturing process at which
23、 thematerial will be examined,6.1.5 Surface condition,6.1.6 Maximum time interval between equipment standard-ization checks, if different from that described in 13.2 and thetolerance to be applied to a standardization check,6.1.7 Type, dimensions, location, method of manufacture,and number of artifi
24、cial reflectors to be placed on the referencestandard,6.1.8 Method(s) for measuring dimensions of artificial re-flectors and tolerance limits if different than specified inSection 11,6.1.9 Criteria for reportable and rejectable indications (ac-ceptance criteria),6.1.10 Reexamination of repaired/rewo
25、rked items, if re-quired or permitted, shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.1.11 Requirements for permanent records of the responsefrom each tube, if applicable,6.1.12 Contents of examination report,6.1.13 Operator qualifications and certification, if required,6.1.14 Qualification of Non
26、destructive Agencies. If speci-fied in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall bequalified and evaluated as described in Practice E 543. Theapplicable edition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.6.1.15 Level of personnel qualification. (See 7.1)7. Personnel Qualifi
27、cation7.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, MIL STD-410, NAS-410, or a similar documentand cer
28、tified by the employer or certifying agency, as appli-cable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revisionshall be identified in the contractual agreement between theusing parties.NOTE 2MIL STD-410 is canceled and has been replaced withNAS-410, however, it may be used with agreement betw
29、een contractingparties.8. Surface Condition8.1 All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale, dirt, grease,paint, or other foreign material that could interfere withinterpretation of examination results. The methods used forcleaning and preparing the surfaces for ultrasonic examinationshall not be d
30、etrimental to the base metal or the surface finish.Excessive surface roughness or scratches can produce signalsthat interfere with the examination.9. Apparatus9.1 Instruments shall be of the pulse echo type and shall becapable of detecting the reference notches of the types de-scribed in Section 11
31、to the extent required in the standardiza-tion procedure described in Section 12. An independent chan-nel (or channels) of instrumentation shall be employed toindividually monitor the responses from the longitudinal and,when required, transverse oriented search units.The instrumentpulse repetition r
32、ate shall be capable of being adjusted to asufficiently high value to ensure notch detection at the scanningrate employed. The instrument shall be capable of this pulserepetition rate without false indications due to spurious reflec-tions or interference from other instruments and search unitsbeing
33、used for simultaneous examinations in other directions oralong other scan paths.9.1.1 The frequency and bandwidth of the instrument andsearch unit shall be capable of being selected to produce asatisfactory signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of the re-quired notches as compared to background “n
34、oise” responsefrom irregularities such as grain boundaries and surface rough-ness.9.2 Search unit frequency shall be selected to produce adesirable “signal-to-noise” ratio (S/N), from the material to beexamined, at the specified sensitivity. A S/N value of at least 3to 1 is usually considered to be
35、minimum. A higher minimumvalue is desirable and may be specified by the contractingagency.9.2.1 Select a search unit size, frequency and refracted angle(or corresponding parameters for non-contact techniques) toproduce an approximate 45 degrees beam-center shear wave inthe tube or pipe wall. For mat
36、erial with an outside diameter-to-thickness ratio less than 7, a lower refracted angle (orcorresponding parameters for non-contact techniques) must beused to ensure intersection with the inside surface. This doesnot ensure detection of midwall discontinuities (See Reference5).9.3 The positions of al
37、l conveyor and drive mechanismsmust be set to support and feed the material to be examined ina stable manner and at the desired scan “pitch” (helix). Forsmall tubes, support mechanisms must be used in the exami-nation station to prevent any transverse motion with respect tothe search unit beam durin
38、g scanning. If larger material that isnot straight is to be examined the search units may have to besupported in a “follower” mechanism to compensate for this.10. Couplant10.1 For piezoelectric-based search units (non-contact tech-niques do not require couplant), a couplant such as water, oil,or gly
39、cerin, capable of conducting ultrasonic vibrations be-tween the search unit and the pipe or tube being examined shallbe used. Rust inhibitors, softeners, and wetting agents may beadded to the couplant. The couplant liquid with all theadditives should not to be detrimental to the surface conditionE21
40、3093of the pipe or tube, and shall wet the surface of the material toprovide adequate coupling efficiency. To prevent spurioussignals or loss of sensitivity, or both, care must be taken toavoid the presence of air bubbles in the couplant.NOTE 3In the contact method, some couplants result in betterul
41、trasonic transmission when the tubing is precoated several hours beforethe examination.11. Reference Standards11.1 A reference standard of a convenient length shall beprepared from a length of pipe or tube of the same nominaldiameter, wall thickness, material, surface finish, and acousti-cal propert
42、ies as the material to be examined. The referencepipe or tube shall be free of discontinuities or other conditionsproducing indications that can interfere with detection of thereference notches.11.2 Longitudinal and, when required by the contractingagency, transverse reference notches shall be place
43、d on boththe outside and inside surfaces of the reference standard toensure satisfactory examination sensitivity near each of theseboundaries.11.3 Reference notches shall be separated sufficiently (cir-cumferentially or axially, or both) to preclude interference andinterpretation difficulties.11.4 A
44、ll upset metal, burrs, etc., adjacent to the referencenotches shall be removed.11.5 The notch dimensions, which are length, depth, andwidth (and for V-notches, the included angle) must be decidedupon by the using party or parties. Fig. 3 illustrates thecommon notch configurations and the dimensions
45、to be mea-sured (Note 4). Reflection amplitudes from V-, square-, andU-shaped notches of comparable dimensions may vary widelydepending on the angle, frequency, and vibrational mode of theinterrogating sound beam.NOTE 4In Fig. 3 (a), ( b), and (d), the sharp corners are for ease ofillustration. It i
46、s recognized that in normal machining practice, a radiuswill be generated.11.5.1 The notch depth shall be an average measured fromthe circular tubing surface to the maximum and minimumpenetration of the notch. Measurements may be made byoptical, replicating, or other agreed upon techniques. Unlesssp
47、ecified otherwise by the using party or parties, the notchdepth shall be within 60.0005 in. (0.013 mm) of the specifiedvalue for notches 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) or less in depth, andwithin + 10, 15 % of the specified value for notches over0.005 in. in depth. At the option of the testing agency,shallower
48、 notches may be used to provide a more stringentexamination.NOTE 5For as-rolled or scaly pipe or tube surfaces, it may benecessary to modify 11.5.1. Two acceptable modifications are listedbelow. Modification (a) is preferred; however, modification (b) may beused unless otherwise specified.(a) The ci
49、rcular pipe or tube surface may be smoothed or prepared in thenotch area, or(b) The notch depth shall be within 60.001 in. (0.025 mm), or + 10, 15 %of the specified depth, whichever is greater.11.5.2 When notch tolerances are specified by the usingparty or parties, tolerances may often include only negativevalues with zero positive deviation allowed so that sensitivityis never reduced below a specified minimum value. The use ofsmaller notches by the examination agency is permissible,provided that concurrence is obtained from the contractingagency.NOTE 6The amplitude of ind
