1、Designation: E344 16E344 18Terminology Relating toThermometry and Hydrometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement.1.2 Terms with definitions generally appli
3、cable to the fields of thermometry and hydrometry are listed in 3.1.1.3 Terms with definitions applicable only to the indicated standards in which they appear are listed in 3.2.1.4 Information about the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is given in Appendix X1.1.5 This international standard w
4、as developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced
5、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE100 Specification for ASTM HydrometersE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM HydrometersE207 Test Method for Thermal EMF
6、 Test of Single Thermoelement Materials by Comparison with a Reference Thermoelementof Similar EMF-Temperature PropertiesE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison TechniquesE230E230/E230M Specification andfor Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF)(emf) Tables for Standardized Th
7、ermocouplesE452 Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation ThermometerE574 Specification for Duplex, Base Metal Thermocouple Wire With Glass Fiber or Silica Fiber InsulationE585/E585M Specification for Compacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal Therm
8、ocouple CableE601 Guide for Measuring Electromotive Force (emf) Stability of Base-Metal Thermoelement Materials with Time in AirE608/E608M Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Base Metal ThermocouplesE644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance ThermometersE667 Specification fo
9、r Mercury-in-Glass, Maximum Self-Registering Clinical ThermometersE696 Specification for Tungsten-Rhenium Alloy Thermocouple WireE710 Test Method for Comparing EMF Stabilities of Base-Metal Thermoelements in Air Using Dual, Simultaneous,Thermal-EMF Indicators (Withdrawn 2006)3E780 Test Method for Me
10、asuring the Insulation Resistance of Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Thermocouples andMineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Cable at Room TemperatureE825 Specification for Phase Change-Type Disposable Fever Thermometer for Intermittent Determination of HumanTemperatureE839 Test Methods for Sheathed Th
11、ermocouples and Sheathed Thermocouple CableE879 Specification for Thermistor Sensors for General Purpose and Laboratory Temperature MeasurementsE1061 Specification for Direct-Reading Liquid Crystal Forehead Thermometers1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature
12、 Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.91 on Editorialand Terminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016April 1, 2018. Published December 2016May 2018. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 asE344 13.E344 16. DOI: 10.1520/E0344-16.10.15
13、20/E0344-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical st
14、andard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM re
15、commends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1104 Speci
16、fication for Clinical Thermometer Probe Covers and SheathsE1112 Specification for Electronic Thermometer for Intermittent Determination of Patient TemperatureE1129/E1129M Specification for Thermocouple ConnectorsE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE1159 Specific
17、ation for Thermocouple Materials, Platinum-Rhodium Alloys, and PlatinumE1256 Test Methods for Radiation Thermometers (Single Waveband Type)E1299 Specification for Reusable Phase-Change-Type Fever Thermometer for Intermittent Determination of Human Tempera-tureE1350 Guide for Testing Sheathed Thermoc
18、ouples, Thermocouples Assemblies, and Connecting Wires Prior to, and AfterInstallation or ServiceE1502 Guide for Use of Fixed-Point Cells for Reference TemperaturesE1594 Guide for Expression of TemperatureE1684E1684/E1684M Specification for Miniature Thermocouple ConnectorsE1750 Guide for Use of Wat
19、er Triple Point CellsE1751E1751/E1751M Guide for Temperature Electromotive Force (EMF)(emf) Tables for Non-Letter Designated Thermo-couple Combinations (Withdrawn 2009)E1965 Specification for Infrared Thermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient TemperatureE2181/E2181M Specification for Co
20、mpacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Noble Metal Thermocouples and Thermo-couple CableE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision LiquidsE2593 Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers2.2 Other Standards, Supplementar
21、y Vocabularies, and Sources:4International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM) 1993Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) 1995IEC 61298-1 Process Measurement and Control Devices General Methods and Procedures for Evaluating Performance- Part 1:General Consid
22、erations53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:accuracy, nof a temperature measurement, closeness of agreement between the result of a temperature measurement and a truevalue of the temperature.DISCUSSIONAccuracy is a qualitative concept.base metal thermocouple, nthermocouple whose thermoelements are compos
23、ed primarily of base metals and their alloys. (Seealso noble metal thermocouple; refractory metal thermocouple.)DISCUSSIONBase metals used in thermoelements include nickel, iron, chromium, copper, aluminum. Letter-designated types E, J, K, T, and N are considered basemetal thermocouples.bias, nthe s
24、catter between the mean values of subsets of data, from each other or from the accepted value.blackbody, nthe perfect or ideal source of thermal radiant power having a spectral distribution described by the Planck equation.DISCUSSIONThe term blackbody is often used to describe a furnace or other sou
25、rce of radiant power which approximates the ideal.bulb, nof a liquid-in-glass thermometer, reservoir for the thermometric liquid.calibration, nof a thermometer or thermometric system, the set of operations that establish, under specified conditions,establishes the relationship between the valuesindi
26、cations of a thermometric quantity indicated by a thermometer orthermometric system and the corresponding values of temperature realized by standards.reference standard at discrete4 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-121
27、1, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.5 Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue de Varemb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.E344 182temperature values. The operations are performed under specified conditions. The calibration resu
28、lts are often used to establishthis relationship at other temperature values. The communicated results shall include a statement of the measurement uncertaintyfor each measurement result.DISCUSSION(1) The result of a calibration permits either the assignment of values of temperature to indicated val
29、ues of thermometric quantity, or the determinationof additive or multiplicative corrections with respect to indications. indications, or both. (2) A calibration may also determine other metrologicalproperties such as the effect of influence quantities. (3) The result of a calibration may be communic
30、ated in a document such as a calibration certificateor a calibration report.certificate, calibration report, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. (4) The termcalibration has also been used in standards under E20 jurisdiction to refer to the result of th
31、e operations, to representations of the result, and to theactual relationship between values of the thermometric quantity and temperature.calibration point, na specific value, established by a reference, at which the indication or output of a measuring device isdetermined.Celsius, adjpertaining to o
32、r denoting something related to the expression of temperature in degrees Celsius.DISCUSSIONFor example, “A Celsius thermometer has a scale marked in degrees Celsius.”center wavelength, na wavelength, usually near the middle of the band of radiant power over which a radiation thermometerresponds, tha
33、t is used to characterize its performance.DISCUSSIONThe value of the center wavelength is usually specified by the manufacturer of the instrument.clinical thermometer, nthermometer of any type designed to measure human body temperature.DISCUSSIONSome clinical thermometers may be designed to measure
34、the body temperature of animals.coaxial thermocouplethermocouple, na thermocouple consisting of a thermoelement in wire form within a thermoelementin tube form with the wire being electrically insulated from the tube except at the measuring pensating extension wires, nthose extension wires fabricate
35、d from materials basically different in composition from thethermocouple.DISCUSSIONThey have similar thermoelectric properties and within a stated temperature range effectively transfer the reference junction to the other end of plete immersion thermometer, na liquid-in-glass thermometer designed to
36、 indicate temperatures correctly when the entirethermometer is exposed to the temperature being measured. (Compare total immersion thermometer and partial immersionthermometer.)connection head, na housing enclosing a terminal block for an electrical temperature-sensing device and usually provided wi
37、ththreaded openings for attachment to a protecting tube and for attachment of conduit.defining fixed point, nthermometric fixed point of an idealized system, to which a numerical value has been assigned, used indefining a temperature scale.degree Celsius, C, nderived unit of temperature in the Inter
38、national System of Units (SI). (See kelvin.)DISCUSSIONAt any temperature, an interval of one degree Celsius is the same as an interval of one kelvin, by definition. For information about the relation betweenunits and values of temperature expressed in different units, see Guide E1594.degree centigra
39、de, nobsolete term. Use degree Celsius.E344 183degree Fahrenheit, F, nnon-SI unit of temperature commonly used in the United States of America.DISCUSSIONAt any temperature, an interval of one degree Fahrenheit is the same as an interval of 5/9 kelvin (or 5/9 degree Celsius). For information about th
40、erelation between units and values of temperature expressed in different units, see Guide E1594.electromotive force (emf), nthe electrical potential difference which produces or tends to produce an electric current.error, nof a temperature measurement, result of a temperature measurement minus a tru
41、e value of temperature.extension wires, nthose having temperature-emf characteristics that when connected to a thermocouple effectively transfer thereference junction to the other end of the wires. (Compare compensating wires).Fahrenheit, adjpertaining to or denoting something related to the express
42、ion of temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.DISCUSSIONFor example, “A Fahrenheit thermometer has a scale marked in degrees Fahrenheit.”fixed point, n in thermometry, reproducible temperature of equilibrium of a system of two or more phases under specifiedconditions.freezing point, nfixed point of a sin
43、gle component system in which liquid and solid phases are in equilibrium at a specifiedpressure, usually 101 325 Pa, and the system is losing heat slowly. (Compare melting point.)grounded junction, nA measuring junction of a thermocouple assembly that is electrically and physically connected to itss
44、heath. Also seeSee also Style G.DISCUSSIONThe term “grounded” has been historically accepted in the field of thermometry to indicate the electrical connectivity of a thermocouples measuringjunction to its sheath; the term does not indicate whether or not the measuring junction is electrically connec
45、ted to earth or circuit ground.hysteresis, nThe property of a device or instrument whereby it gives different output values in relation to its input valuesdepending upon the directional sequence in which the input values have been applied. IEC 61298-1ice point, nthermometric fixed point of ice and w
46、ater saturated with air at a pressure of 101 325 Pa.industrial platinum resistance thermometer (IPRT), na rugged platinum resistance thermometer suitable for temperaturemeasurements in harsh industrial environments over all or part of the temperature range -200 C to 650 C.-200C to 650C.DISCUSSION(1)
47、 The sensing element is made from platinum wire or film and packaged in a rugged housing to withstand harsh operating conditions. The sheathmaterial is usually stainless steel or Inconel; however, other materials may be used for special applications. (2) The resistance-temperature relationshipis usu
48、ally defined by a specified nominal equation and interchangeability tolerances over a specified temperature range. (3) IPRTs have ice-pointresistance values of at least 100 ohms, and are available with two-wire, three-wire or four-wire terminations. (4) IPRTs are the most rugged and lowestcost plati
49、num resistance thermometers.International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-48), nthe temperature scale adopted by the 11th General Conference onWeights and Measures in 1960 and replaced in 1968 by the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968.International PracticalTemperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68), nthe temperature scale adopted by the 13th General Conferenceon Weights and Measures in 1968.DISCUSSIONThe IPTS-68 was superseded in 1990 by the International Temperature Scale of 1990.Interna
