1、Designation: E345 93 (Reapproved 2013)1E345 16Standard Test Methods ofTension Testing of Metallic Foil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in May 20
3、14.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic foil at room temperature in thicknesses less than 0.006 in. (0.150mm).temperature. Exception to these methods may be necessary in individual specifications or test methods for aNOTE 1Exception to these methods may be necessary i
4、n individual specifications or test methods for a particular material.particular material.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-poundSI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SIinch-pound units that are provided for information only and are
5、not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior
6、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE29 Practice
7、 for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE252 Test Method for Thickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, and Film by Mass MeasurementE796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil (Withdrawn 2009)3E2309 Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring S
8、ystems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 The definitions of terms relating to tension testing appearing in Terminology E6 apply to the terms used in these methodsof tension testing.4. Significance and Use4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility
9、 of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This informationmay be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design.4.2 The results of tension tests from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductilityof the entire end
10、 product of its in-service behavior in different environments.4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since the methods have beenused extensively for these purposes.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mec
11、hanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on UniaxialTesting.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013July 15, 2016. Published May 2014August 2016. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 asE345 93 (2008).(2013)1. DOI: 10.1520/E0345-93R13.10
12、.1520/E0345-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical
13、 standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM
14、 recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.4 Tens
15、ion tests provide a means to determine the ductility of materials through the measurement of elongation or reductionof area. However, as specimen thickness is reduced, tension tests may become less useful for determining ductility. For thesepurposes Test Method E796 is an alternative procedure for m
16、easuring ductility.4.5 Different industries differentiate between foil and sheet at different thicknesses.NOTE 1In 2013, to harmonize with international standards, the Aluminum Association revised its definition of foil to include thicknesses less thanor equal to 0.2 mm (0.0079 in.).4.6 This standar
17、d differs from Test Methods E8/E8M in that it permits determining the specimen thickness by weighing (7.3)and determining the elongation from crosshead displacement for some specimens (7.8).4.7 It is impossible for this standard to define the thickness range for every possible alloy where this stand
18、ard should be usedinstead of Test Methods E8/E8M or other tensile test standards. Superior results for a specific alloy and thickness could be obtainedby measuring the specimen thickness by weighing (7.3) to avoid damaging the material and to obtain sufficient accuracy. Inaddition, it may be accepta
19、ble for a given alloy and thickness to determine the elongation from crosshead displacement in caseswhere conventional extensometers that contact the specimen or scribed fiducial marks could damage the specimen or affect the testresults.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachinesMachines used for tension testi
20、ng shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The forces usedin determining tensile strength, yield strength, and yield point shall be within the verified loading range of the testing machine asdefined in Practices E4.5.2 Gripping Devices:5.2.1 GeneralVarious types of gripping devices may be
21、 used to transmit the measured force applied by the testing machineto the test specimen. To ensure axial tensile stress within the gauge length, the axis of the test specimen mustshall coincide withthe center line of the heads of the testing machine. Any departure from this center line maycould intr
22、oduce bending stresses thatare not included in the usual stress computation (force divided by cross-sectional area).5.2.2 Wedge GripsTesting machines usually are equipped with wedge grips. These wedge grips generally furnish asatisfactory means of gripping long specimens of ductile materials in the
23、thicker foil gauges. If, for any reason, one grip of a pairadvances farther than the other as the grips tighten, an undesirable bending stress maycould be introduced. When liners are usedbehind the wedges, they mustshall be of the same thickness and their faces mustshall be flat and parallel. For pr
24、oper gripping, itis desirable that the entire length of the serrated face of each wedge be in contact with the specimen. A buffer material such as320-grit silicon carbide paper may be inserted between the specimen and serrated faces to minimize tearing of specimens.5.2.3 Smooth Face GripsFor foils l
25、ess than 0.003 in. (0.076 mm)0.076 mm (0.003 in.) thickness, it may be desirable that thegrips have smooth faces and that the gripping pressure be about 100 psi (0.7 MPa) for each 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)0.7 MPa (100psi) for each 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) of specimen thickness.6. Test Specimen6.1 GeneralTest
26、 specimens shall be prescribed in the product specification for the material being tested. If a TypeAspecimenis used, all specimen dimensions, test procedures, and calculations shall comply with those shown in Test Methods E8/E8M.6.2 Type A SpecimenType A specimens shall be in accordance with the 12
27、-in. (12.5-mm) 12.5-mm (0.500 in.) sheet-typespecimen shown in Fig. 1. To avoid lateral buckling in tests of some materials, the minimum radius of the fillet should be 34 in.(19 mm),19 mm (0.75 in.), or the width of the grip ends should be only slightly larger than the width of the reduced section,
28、orboth; and the reduced section should be at least 20 % longer than the gauge length.both.6.3 Type B SpecimensType B specimens shall be in accordance with the 12-in. (12.5-mm) 12.5-mm (0.500 in.) wide parallelsided specimen shown in Fig. 1.7. Procedures7.1 Type A Specimen PreparationThe specimens ca
29、nmay be machined in packs by use of a milling-type cutter. The Examinethe machined specimens shall be examined under about 20 magnification to determine that the edges are smooth and that thereare no surface scratches or creases. Specimens showing Reject specimens that show discernible scratches, cr
30、eases, or edgediscontinuities shall be rejected. The milling-type cutter shall be sharpened or renewed discontinuities. Sharpened or renew themilling-type cutter when necessary. When machining some thicknesses and tempers of material it the samples may be necessaryto interleave the samples interleav
31、ed with hard aluminum sheet, a plastic, or other suitable material. For some materials it may bedesirable to polish the edges of the specimens, specimens may be polished, either mechanically or by electropolishing.E345 1627.2 Type B Specimen PreparationThe specimens, particularly of soft and of thin
32、 hard metals, may be prepared by shearing,for example, by use of a double-bladed cutter4 (Fig. 2) or by slitting. The cutting edges should be lubricated, if necessary, witha material such as stearic acid in alcohol or another suitable material. The Examine the finished specimens shall be examined un
33、derabout 20 magnification to determine that the edges are smooth and there are no surface scratches or creases. Specimens showingReject specimens that show discernible surface scratches, creases, or edge discontinuities shall be rejected.discontinuities.7.3 Specimen Measurement:7.3.1 Thickness:7.3.1
34、.1 The thickness of hard or soft foils may be determined by weighing using Test Method E252 or by the use of othermeasuring devices such as an optimeter, an electrical-type measuring device, or a micrometer.4 The sole source of supply of the Thwing-Albert JDC-50 precision cutter known to the committ
35、ee at this time is Thwing-Albert Instrument Co., 14 W. CollingsAve. WestBerlin, NJ 08091. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive carefulconsideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee
36、,1 which you may attend.DimensionsSpecimenType A Type Bin. mm in. mmGGauge length 2.000 0.005 50.0 0.1 5 125WWidth 0.500 0.010 12.50 0.25 0.500 12.5TThickness thickness of foil thickness of foilRRadius of fillet, min 34 19 . .LOverall Length, min 8 200 9 230ALength of reduced section, min 214 60 . .
37、BLength of grip section, min 2 50 . .CWidth of grip section, approx. 34 20 0.500 12.5DimensionsSpecimenType A Type Bmm in. mm in.GGauge length 50.0 0.1 2.000 0.005 125 5WWidth 12.50 0.25 0.500 0.010 12.5 0.500TThickness thickness of foil thickness of foilRRadius of fillet, min 19 0.75 . .LOverall Le
38、ngth, min 200 8 230 9ALength of reduced section, min 60 2.25 . .BLength of grip section, min 50 2 . .CWidth of grip section, approx. 20 0.75 12.5 0.500NOTE 1For Type A specimens, the ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.002 in. (0.05 mm).0.05 mm (0.002 in.). Also,ther
39、e may be a gradual decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at either end shall not be more than 0.005 in. (0.10 mm)0.10 mm(0.005 in.) larger than the width at the center.NOTE 2The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specif
40、ications.NOTE 3For Type B specimens, measure the gauge length, G, to an accuracy of 0.25 mm (0.01in).FIG. 1 Foil Tension Test SpecimenE345 1637.3.1.2 Thickness of specimens taken from soft foils or from foils 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) and thinner shall be determined to anaccuracy of 2 % of When determinin
41、g the thickness by weighing in accordance with Test Method E252 or by measuring devices.When using Test Method E252, the specimens themselves shall be weighedweigh at least two specimens together when it ispractical. At least two specimens shall be weighed together. When Type B specimens are not use
42、d for weighing, used, a samplein accordance with Test Method E252 may be used when if it is taken from an area adjacent to that the area from which the testspecimens were taken.7.3.1.3 The thickness of specimens taken from hard materials or materials 0.001 in. (0.0245 mm) and greater in thickness ma
43、ybe determined by use of an optimeter, an electrical-type measuring device, or vernier micrometer, provided that the thickness ismeasured to at least the nearest 2 %. Regardless of the measurement method, measure the thickness of the specimen to either 2% of the thickness or 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.),
44、whichever is more accurate.NOTE 2When specimens or samples are weighed, the thickness shall be computed to the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm) and preferably to the nearest0.00001 in. (0.00025 mm) by use of the formula:T5W/AD (1)where:T = thickness of specimen or sample,W = mass of specimen or sample
45、,A = area of specimen or sample, andD = density of material, (see Appendix X1 ).7.3.2 WidthMeasure and record the specimen width dimension to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm).0.025 mm (0.001 in.).7.4 Speed of TestingUnless otherwise specified, any convenient speed of testing may be used up to one ha
46、lf the specified yieldstrength or yield point, or up to one quarter the specified tensile strength, whichever is smaller. The speed above this point shallbe within the limits specified. If different speed limitations are required in determining yield strength, yield point, tensile strength,and elong
47、ation, they should be stated in the product specification. In the absence of any specified limitations on the speed of testingthe following general rules shall apply:7.4.1 The speed of testing shall be such that the forces and strains used in obtaining the test results are accurately indicated.7.4.2
48、 When yield strength or yield point is to be determined, the rate of stress application shall not exceed 100 ksi/min (12MPa/s)12 MPa/s (100 ksi/min) but shall be greater than 1 ksi/min (0.12 MPa/s).0.12 MPa/s (1 ksi/min). The speed may beincreased after removal of the extensometer, but it shall not
49、exceed 0.5 in./in. (mm/mm)mm/mm (in./in.) of reduced section (ordistance between grips for specimens not having reduced section) per min.7.4.3 The rate of straining shall be 0.06 to 0.5 in./in./min mm/mm/min. (in./in./min) when the yield strength is not beingdetermined, except when the product specification requires a different speed.7.4.4 When yield strength is to be determined, the rate of straining shall be 0.002 to 0.010 in./in./min mm/mm/min. (in./in./min)until the stress is above the yield strength.7.5 Rounding
