1、Designation: E 390 01 (Reapproved 2006)e1Standard Reference Radiographs forSteel Fusion Welds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 390; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEA sentence about reference radiograph films was editorially
3、added to 1.1 in February 2006.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steelfusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varyingseverity levels in different thicknesses of material. The refer-ence radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and mustbe purchased sep
4、arately from ASTM International if needed.1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs basedon seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:Vol ISet of 16 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering base materialup to and including14 in. 6.4 mm in thickness.Vol IISet of 29 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering b
5、asematerial over14 to and including 3 in. 6.4 to 76 mm inthickness.Vol IIISet of 32 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering basematerial over 3 to including 8 in. 76 to 203 mm in thickness.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to addre
6、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E94 Guide for Ra
7、diographic Examination2E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations22.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds:Volume I, Thickness Up to and Including14 in. 6.4 mm4Volume II, Thickness Over14 to 3 in. 6.4 to 76 mm, incl5Volume III, Thickness Over 3 to 8 in. 76 to 203 mm, i
8、ncl63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this docu-ment, see Terminology E 1316, Section D.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs may be used as a means forestablishing the types and severity levels of discontinuities thatare revealed by radiographic examinat
9、ion of steel fusion welds.4.2 Each volume contains illustrations of representativegraded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thick-ness ranges, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists the discontinuitytypes and severities illustrated for each thickness of basematerial. Each of the graded dis
10、continuity types has fiveseverity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. Theungraded discontinuities are included for informational pur-poses.4.3 These reference radiographs may be used in contractualspecifications, for which agreement has been reached betweenpurchaser and supplier, to
11、 establish acceptance limits of thetypes and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radio-graphic examination.4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restrictedto the specific energy levels given in Table 3 or to the thicknesslimits given in Table 1. This document may be used, whe
12、rethere is no other applicable document, for other energy levelsor thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicableand for which agreement has been reached between purchaserand manufacturer.1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Tes
13、ting and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiographs.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 390 - 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM Headquarters.4Order RRE039001.5Order RRE039002.6Order RRE039003.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
15、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness RangesIllustrationThickness,in. mmBase Material Thickness Range,in. minAVol I0.030 0.8 to and including 0.050 (3.3)0.080 2.0 over 0.050 (1.3) to and including18 (3.2)316 4.8 over18 (3.2) to and includi
16、ng14 (6.4)Vol II38 9.5 over14 (6.4) to and including12 (13)34 19 over12 (13) to and including 112 (48)2 51 over 112 (48) to and including 3 (76)Vol III5 127 over 3.0 (75) to and including 8 (203)AIn the special cases of joining two members of unequal thickness, the standardapplicable to the thinner
17、member shall be used.TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base MaterialDiscontinuity TypeBase Material Thickness and Grading, in. mm0.030 0.8 0.080 2.0316 4.838 9.534 19 2 51 5 127Scattered porosity Grade 15Fine scattered porosity Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Gra
18、de 15 Grade 15Coarse scattered porosity Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Clustered porosity Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Linear porosity (globular indications)Aungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Slag inclusions Grade 15
19、Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Tungsten inclusions Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 ungradedIncomplete penetration ungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Lack of fusion ungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Elongated or worm hole porosity ungrade
20、d ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedBurn through ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedIcicles (teardrops) ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedLongitudinal crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedTransverse crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
21、Crater crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedUndercut ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedAThe severity of linear porosity (globular indications) should be judged by their length and clustering rather than by their optical density.TABLE 3 Radiographic TechniqueABase MaterialThick
22、ness,in. mmkVp mA TimersSource-to-Film Dis-tance, in.Screens inCassettesFilm TypeASTME94BVol I0.030 0.8 90 10 180210 48 none 10.080 2.0 120 10 150210 48 none 1316 4.8 150 10 180270 48 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb backVol II38 9.5 175 10 175200 48 0.005 in. Pb frontC0.010 in. Pb back34 19 250 10
23、4365 60 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb back2 51 2000 or60CoD1.5 4553 108 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb backVol III5 203 2000 or60CoD1.5 420450 108 1AAll films were processed by automatic film processors.BASTM Guide E94.CNot defined in Guide E94; manufacturers description isultra fine grain, hig
24、h contrast.DThese reference radiographs were made with60Co.E 390 01 (2006)e125. Preparation of Reference Radiographs5.1 The illustration in Vol I and the first two thicknesses ofVol II are radiographic while those in the thick section of VolII (2 in.) and Vol III are photographic reproductions.5.2 T
25、he radiographs were made to a quality level of at least2-2T penetrameter sensitivity.5.3 Table 3 lists the technique used in producing the originalradiographs. The data are included for information and are notto be construed as the recommended technique.5.4 The radiographic exposure was controlled s
26、o as toproduce an optical density of from 2.00 to 2.25 in a selectedlocation on the weld bead. The reproductions used in Vol IIIwere prepared to the same density requirements and theysubstantially retain the contrast and detail of the originalradiographs.6. Description of Discontinuities6.1 Porosity
27、 occurs as voids caused by gas trapped in theweld metal deposit. The voids may occur as spherical, elon-gated, or “worm hole” shapes and in patterns that are random,clustered, or linear. On a radiograph the spherical voids havethe appearance of a rounded dark area while the nonsphericalvoids have an
28、 elongated dark area with a smooth outline.6.2 Tungsten Inclusions are tungsten particles entrapped inthe weld deposit. These inclusions are particles broken off ormelted from the electrodes and may be caused by faultyequipment or poor manipulation. On the radiograph the tung-sten inclusions are lig
29、hter than the surrounding areas and maybe rounded or irregularly shaped.6.3 Incomplete Penetration is a discontinuity that occurs atthe root of welds designed for through penetration where fullpenetration has not been achieved. The discontinuity appearson a radiograph as a straight dark line that ma
30、y be eithercontinuous or intermittent. The indication may be thin andsharp, broad and diffuse or two parallel lines depending uponthe specific geometry of the joint and the width of thediscontinuity.6.4 Slag Inclusions are particles of slag entrapped in theweld metal or along the fusion planes. The
31、particles appeardarker than the surrounding area and may be irregular in shapeor elongated in the direction of the deposited weld bead.6.5 Lack of Fusion is a discontinuity caused by moltenweld metal which has failed to bond to the base metal or to apreviously deposited weld bead. On the radiograph
32、it appearsas a dark indication usually elongated and varying in width.6.5.1 Although all of the illustrations for lack of fusionshow the discontinuity near the edge of a weld joint, thisdiscontinuity may exist anywhere in the weld.6.6 A Crack is a rupture of solidified metal. Cracks associ-ated with
33、 welding may be longitudinal, transverse, or radiallyoriented and may occur in the weld metal, base metal, orthrough both. Radially oriented cracks are called crater cracksbecause they generally originate in a weld bead crater. Whenthe plane of the crack is perpendicular to the film, theradiographic
34、 image appears as either a jagged or a straight line.As the plane of the crack deviates from the direction of theradiation beam, the appearance of the crack becomes anincreasingly broad and poorly defined line.6.7 Icicles (Teardrops) are fused droplets of weld metalextending beyond the root of the w
35、eld. They appear asindividual, rounded, lighter indications with an occasionalsmall dark spot in the center of a drop. Icicles occur in seamswelded from one side only.6.8 A Burn Through is a melting of the metal from the rootof the weld or through the backing strip. It appears on theradiograph as an
36、 individual darkened area of elongated orrounded contour which may be surrounded by a lighter ring.This discontinuity occurs in seams welded from one side only.6.9 An Undercut is a longitudinal groove melted into thebase metal adjacent to the toe of a weld and left unfilled withweld metal. It appear
37、s as a dark linear indication of indistinctoutline adjacent to the edge of the weld. Undercut may beobserved by visual examination. Another type of undercut mayoccur in backing strip joints where the backing strip is left inplace. It is caused by a melting away of the base metal at theroot. This typ
38、e is generally termed root undercut. It appears onthe radiograph as a relatively straight and narrow dark line andcan be located on either or both sides of the root openinglocation.7. Application of Reference Radiographs7.1 The following procedures are recommended in arrivingat acceptance standards
39、in the application of such standards tofilm interpretation.7.1.1 The graded reference radiographs may be used inwhole or in part as applicable to particular requirements.7.1.2 The length of the welding to which the selectedstandard applies shall be established. These designated lengthsshall not cont
40、ain any discontinuity whose severity exceeds thatin the reference.7.1.3 When the production radiograph is interpreted asshowing equal or less severe discontinuities than the selectedstandard, the weld shall be judged radiographically acceptable.When the production radiograph is interpreted as showin
41、ggreater severity than the selected standard, the weld shall bejudged unacceptable and shall be repaired in accordance withcontractual agreements.7.1.4 If more than one type of discontinuity occurs in thesame radiograph, the predominating type along shall governacceptability unless the severity repr
42、esented by the combina-tion of discontinuity types is such as to make the overallcondition unacceptable for the intended application.7.1.5 When two or more discontinuity types are present inthe same radiograph to an extent equal to the maximumacceptable for two of these types, the weld shall be judg
43、edunacceptable, with repair welding to be done in accordancewith contractual agreement.7.1.6 Where the reference image consists of a collection ofdiscontinuities, as in the case of porosity, for example, accept-ability may be based on the aggregate size of the discontinui-ties present on both the re
44、ference radiograph and the objectradiograph, the maximum defect size present, the spacingbetween discontinuities, or a combination of these or othercriteria. These criteria must be determined based upon theparticular application or part under consideration and must bespecified by agreement between t
45、he purchaser and supplier.E 390 01 (2006)e137.1.7 When repair welding is permitted, the repair need onlybe to that extent which will bring the weld quality to within theacceptable reference.7.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use. The extent to whic
46、h theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear and tear, includings
47、cratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.8. Keywords8.1 discontinuities; fusion welds; gamma ray; referenceradiographs; steel; X-rayAPPENDIX(N
48、onmandatory Information)X1. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONSX1.1 In selecting the reference radiographs, the attemptwas made to obtain a progressively increasing severity ofgrades for each discontinuity type. It is not to be implied thatthe same grade number designation represents equivalentseverity for all
49、types of discontinuities. To arrive at acceptancestandards, each type of discontinuity should be consideredindividually, and an appropriate grade (severity) designationapplicable to the type should be assigned.X1.2 Any film indication suspected to be a crack should betreated with concern and properly investigated with otherapplicable nondestructive testing techniques.X1.3 The suggested optical density range in some ASTMdocuments is 1.5 to
