1、Designation: E1109 86 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forDetermining the Bulk Density of Solid Waste Fractions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the bulk density of variousfractions from the resource recovery processing of municip
3、alsolid waste. It is intended as a means of characterizing suchfractions and for providing data useful to designers of solidwaste processing plants.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st
4、andard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary information is given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-ing SizeD
5、75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesE689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsE1107 Test Method for Measuring the Throughput ofResource-Recovery Unit Operations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bulk densitythe mass per unit volume of particulatematter. B
6、ulk density is not an absolute material property as isthe density of individual particles of a material. The bulkdensity depends on the size of the container and how thematerial is loaded into the container. For example, the bulkdensity of material placed loosely in a container will be lessthan that
7、 of material tamped into a container. Also, somematerials placed loosely in a container will settle with time dueto its own weight; thus, its bulk density will increase.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of a solid waste stream is tamped in a cubicalcontainer of known volume and then weighed. Bul
8、k density iscalculated from the weight of the contents and volume of thecontainer.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method describes a physical property of solidwaste in processing facilities; a property that characterizes thesolid waste streams and hence the operation of resourcerecovery separat
9、ors and processors.5.2 The bulk density is an important property for the designof materials handling equipment, separators, and processors.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate within 0.1% ofthe test load at any point within the range of use. The range ofuse shall be considered to exten
10、d from the weight of themeasure empty to the weight of the measure plus its contents.6.2 Cubical Measure, with internal dimensions approxi-mately 60 by 60 by 60 cm (24 by 24 by 24 in.) provided withhandles. The interior surfaces of the measure shall be nonab-sorbent to moisture.NOTE 1A satisfactory
11、weigh box has been constructed of34 in. (1.9cm) exterior grade plywood with the finished surface on the inside.Reinforcing strips, approximately 5 cm (2 in.) wide and 1.3 cm (12 in.)thick were fastened to the outside walls; two of them in a way to providehandles.6.3 Larger cubical weigh boxes shall
12、be used as necessary toaccommodate large particles of material. No particle largerthan two-thirds the length, height, or width of the weigh boxshall be put into the weigh box in determining the bulk density.7. Precautions7.1 This procedure calls for the handling of solid waste andits processed fract
13、ions. Because the origin of all the materialsis generally unknown, workers must use proper safety precau-tions when handling samples. Workers shall wear gloves andsafety glasses. When appropriate, dust masks shall be worn.Workers must be cautioned to wash their hands thoroughlybefore eating or smoki
14、ng.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved
15、in 2004 as E110986(2004). DOI:10.1520/E1109-86R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright
16、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8. Sampling8.1 Sample shall be obtained from the processor streams orseparator output streams in accordance with 11.1, Test MethodE1107, and shall constitute the gross sample.8.2 The amount of mat
17、erial in each sample shall conform tothe requirements of Table 1, Practice D75, except that samplesof material with greater than 90 mm (312 in.) maximumnominal size shall weigh not less than 250 kg (550 lb).9. Sample Preparation9.1 Prepare and test the samples as soon as practicable withdue precauti
18、on that they neither gain nor lose weight fromnatural drying or being left uncovered in wet or dusty areas, asdescribed in Section 11, Test Method E1107.9.2 Weigh the gross samples before being subdivided. Drainwet samples in accordance with 11.g of Method E689 beforeweighing and report the test res
19、ults as “per drained weight.”9.3 Subdivide gross samples in accordance with PracticeC702 to form four test specimens. If the cone and quarteringMethod of Practice C702 is used, take special care to includethe fine particulate material that may sift to the bottom of thepile. Keep the test specimens i
20、n moisture barrier containersuntil tested or discarded.10. Procedure10.1 Measure the internal dimensions of the weight box to61 mm (0.05 in). Then calculate and record the volume to60.1%.10.2 Determine the weight of the weigh box to 60.1%.10.3 Select a test specimen at random from the four and fillt
21、he weigh box to overflowing, taking special care to avoidsegregation, compaction or spillage; especially loss of the fineparticulate material. Then tamp the box three times by lifting it6cm(212 in.) above the ground and dropping squarely. Aftertamping, draw a rigid straightedge across the top of the
22、 box tolevel the contents. Some agitation of the straightedge may benecessary to force particulate either in or out of the box. If thecontents remain below the top of the box, empty the box andstart the test again using another specimen.10.4 Weigh the filled box 60.1 % and calculate the bulkdensity
23、to three significant figures.10.5 Repeat the procedures of 10.3 and 10.4 with anothertest specimen selected at random from the remaining three.10.6 Calculate the average of the two bulk densities. If thedensities are more than 10 % different, select at randomanother specimen from the remaining two s
24、pecimens and makea third bulk density determination. If the third density is morethan 5 % above or below the average of the first two, discardall four test specimens, obtain another gross sample and repeatthe test procedure using a larger weigh box. If the thirddetermination is within 5 % of the ave
25、rage of the first two,report the average of the three determinations.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the bulk density as follows:Bulk Density 5 W 2 WT!/Vwhere:W = the weight of the box full,WT= the weight of the box empty, andV = the volume of the box as determined in 10.1.11.2 If the box is weighed i
26、n kilograms, the volume of thebox shall be expressed in cubic metres. If the box is weighedin pounds, the volume of the box shall be expressed in cubicfeet and the bulk density in pounds per cubic feet.12. Report12.1 The bulk density is reported as the average of the twoor three determinations.12.2
27、The report shall indicate whether the density is basedon as-received weight, drained weight, or other.12.3 The report form is shown in Fig. 1. All items shall becompleted.13. Precision and Bias13.1 There are not yet sufficient data available to determinethe precision of this test method. There are n
28、o known standardmaterials for determining the bias of this test method.E1109 86 (2009)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of
29、the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Y
30、our comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your commen
31、ts have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 1 Sample Bulk Density Computation and Report SheetE1109 86 (2009)3
