1、Designation: E 1118 05Standard Practice forAcoustic Emission Examination of ReinforcedThermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1118; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examina-tion or monitoring of reinforced thermosetting resin pipe(
3、RTRP) to determine structural integrity. It is applicable tolined or unlined pipe, fittings, joints, and piping systems.1.2 This practice is applicable to pipe that is fabricated withfiberglass and carbon fiber reinforcements with reinforcingcontents greater than 15 % by weight. The suitability of t
4、heseprocedures must be demonstrated before they are used forpiping that is constructed with other reinforcing materials.1.3 This practice is applicable to tests below pressures of 35MPa absolute (5000 psia).1.4 This practice is limited to pipe up to and including 0.6m (24 in.) in diameter. Larger di
5、ameter pipe can be examinedwith AE, however, the procedure is outside the scope of thispractice.1.5 This practice applies to examinations of new or in-service RTRP.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.7 This st
6、andard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For morespecific safety
7、precautionary information see 8.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsE 543 Practice for Agencies Conducting NondestructiveTestingE 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE 750 Practice for CharacterizingAcoustic Emission Instru-ment
8、ationE 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcous-tic Emission Sensor ResponseE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Testing2.2 ASNT Standards:3ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Personnel Qualification and Certifica-tion in Nondestructive TestingASNT SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certifica-tion in
9、Nondestructive Testing2.3 AIA Standard:4NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel3. Terminology3.1 Complete glossaries of terms related to plastics andacoustic emission will be found in Terminologies D 883 andE 1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2
10、.1 component and assembly proof testinga program oftests on RTRP components designed to assess product qualityin a manufacturers plant, at the installation site, or when takenout of service for retesting. An assembly is a shippable unit offactory-assembled components.3.2.2 count value Ncan evaluatio
11、n criterion based on thetotal number of AE counts. (See A2.5.)3.2.3 diameter to thickness ratio (d/t)equal toDo1 Di2twhere (Do) is the outside pipe diameter, (Di) is the inside pipediameter, and (t) is the wall thickness, as measured in a sectionof straight pipe.3.2.4 high-amplitude thresholda thres
12、hold for large am-plitude events. (See A2.3.)3.2.5 in-service systems testinga program of periodic testsduring the lifetime of an RTRP system designed to assess itsstructural integrity.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct respons
13、ibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1118 - 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
14、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Aerospace Industries A
15、ssociation of America, Inc. (AIA), 1250Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6 low-amplitude thresholdthe threshold above whichAE counts (N) are measured. (See A2.2.)3.2.7 manufacturers
16、 qualification testinga comprehensiveprogram of tests to confirm product design, performanceacceptability, and fabricator capability.3.2.8 operating pressurepressure at which the RTRP nor-mally operates. It should not exceed design pressure.3.2.9 qualification test pressurea test pressure which is s
17、etby agreement between the user, manufacturer, or test agency, orcombination thereof.3.2.10 rated pressurea nonstandard term used by RTRPpipe manufacturers as an indication of the maximum operatingpressure.3.2.11 RTRPReinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe, a tu-bular product containing reinforcement em
18、bedded in or sur-rounded by cured thermosetting resin.3.2.12 RTRP systema pipe structure assembled from vari-ous components that are bonded, threaded, layed-up, etc., intoa functional unit.3.2.13 signal value Ma measure of the AE signal power(energy/unit time) which is used to indicate adhesive bond
19、failure in RTRP cemented joints. (See A2.4.)3.2.14 summing amplifier (summer, mixer)an operationalamplifier that produces an output signal equal to a weightedsum of the input signals.3.2.15 system proof testinga program of tests on anassembled RTRP system designed to assess its structuralintegrity p
20、rior to in-service use.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice consists of subjecting RTRP to increasingor cyclic pressure while monitoring with sensors that aresensitive to acoustic emission (transient stress waves) causedby growing flaws. Where appropriate, other types of loadingmay be superposed
21、or may replace the pressure load, forexample, thermal, bending, tensile, etc. The instrumentationand techniques for sensing and analyzing AE data are de-scribed.4.2 This practice provides guidelines to determine the loca-tion and severity of structural flaws in RTRP.4.3 This practice provides guidel
22、ines forAE examination ofRTRP within the pressure range stated in 1.2. Maximum testpressure for RTRP will be determined upon agreement amonguser, manufacturer, or test agency, or combination thereof. Thetest pressure will normally be 1.1 multiplied by the maximumoperating pressure.5. Significance an
23、d Use5.1 The AE examination method detects damage in RTRP.The damage mechanisms detected in RTRP are as follows:resin cracking, fiber debonding, fiber pullout, fiber breakage,delamination, and bond or thread failure in assembled joints.Flaws in unstressed areas and flaws which are structurallyinsign
24、ificant will not generate AE.5.2 This practice is convenient for on-line use under oper-ating conditions to determine structural integrity of in-serviceRTRP usually with minimal process disruption.5.3 Flaws located with AE should be examined by othertechniques; for example, visual, ultrasound, and d
25、ye penetrant,and may be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repairprocedure recommendations are outside the scope of thispractice.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this practice.6.2 Personnel Qualification6
26、.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally or internationally recognizedNDT personnel qualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, ASNT SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410,orasimilar document and c
27、ertified by the employer or certifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall b
28、e qualifiedand evaluated as described in Practice E 543. The applicableedition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.4 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examinationshall be in accordance with Section 11 unless otherwisespecified.6.5 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of ex
29、amination shallbe in accordance with 9.4 unless otherwise specified.6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with 12unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are notspecified in this standard, they shall be specified
30、 in thecontractual agreement.6.7 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed inthis standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac-tual agreement.7. Instrumentation7.1 The AE instrumentation consists of sensors, signalprocessors, and
31、recording equipment. Additional informationon AE instrumentation can be found in Practice E 750.7.2 Instrumentation shall be capable of recordingAE countsand AE events above the low-amplitude threshold. It shall alsorecord events above the high-amplitude threshold as well assignal value M within spe
32、cific frequency ranges, and havesufficient channels to localize AE sources in real time. It mayincorporate (as an option) peak amplitude detection. An AEevent amplitude measurement is recommended for sensitivityverification (see Annex A2). Amplitude distributions are rec-ommended for flaw characteri
33、zation. It is preferred that theAEinstrumentation acquire and record count, event, amplitude,and signal value M information on a per channel basis. TheAEinstrumentation is further described in Annex A1.7.3 Capability for measuring parameters such as time andpressure shall be provided. The pressure-l
34、oad shall be continu-ously monitored to an accuracy of 62 % of the maximum testvalue.E11180528. Test Preparations8.1 Safety PrecautionsAll plant safety requirementsunique to the test location shall be met.8.1.1 Protective clothing and equipment that is normallyrequired in the area in which the test
35、is being conducted shallbe worn.8.1.2 A fire permit may be needed to use the electronicinstrumentation.8.1.3 Precautions shall be taken against the consequences ofcatastrophic failure when testing, for example, flying debrisand impact of escaping liquid.8.1.4 Pneumatic testing is extremely dangerous
36、 and shall beavoided if at all possible.8.2 RTRP Conditioning:8.2.1 If the pipe has not been previously loaded, no condi-tioning is required.8.2.2 If the pipe has been previously loaded, one of twomethods shall be used. For both methods, the maximumoperating pressure-load in the pipe since the previ
37、ous exami-nation must be known. If more than one year has elapsed sincethe last examination, the maximum operating pressure-loadduring the past year can be used. (See 11.2.3.)8.2.2.1 Option I requires that the test shall be run from 90 upto 110 % of the maximum operating pressure-load. In this casen
38、o conditioning is required. (See Fig. 7.) If it is not possible toachieve over 100 % of the maximum operating pressure-load,Option II may be used.8.2.2.2 Option II requires that the operating pressure-loadbe reduced prior to testing in accordance with the scheduleshown in Table 1. In this case, the
39、maximum pressure-loadneed be only 100 % of the operating pressure (see Fig. 8).8.3 RTRP Pressurizing-LoadingArrangements should bemade to pressurize the RTRP to the appropriate pressure-load.Liquid is the preferred pressurizing medium. Holding pressure-load levels is a key aspect of an acoustic emis
40、sion examination.Accordingly, provision shall be made for holding the pressure-load at designated check points.8.4 RTRP SupportThe RTRP system shall be properlysupported.8.5 EnvironmentalThe normal minimum acceptableRTRP wall temperature is 4C (40F).8.6 Noise ReductionNoise sources in the examinatio
41、nfrequency and amplitude range, such as malfunctioning pumpsor valves, movement of pipe on supports, or rain, must beminimized since they mask the AE signals emanating from thepipe.8.7 Power SupplyA stable grounded power supply, meet-ing the specification of the instrumentation, is required at thete
42、st site.8.8 Instrumentation SettingsSettings will be determinedin accordance with Annex A2.9. Sensors9.1 Sensor MountingRefer to Guide E 650 for additionalinformation on sensor mounting. Location and spacing of thesensors are discussed in 9.4. Sensors shall be placed in thedesignated locations with
43、a couplant interface between sensorand test article. One recommended couplant is silicone-stopcock grease. Care must be exercised to ensure that ad-equate couplant is applied. Sensors shall be held in placeutilizing methods of attachment which do not create extraneoussignals. Methods of attachment u
44、sing strips of pressure-sensitive tape, stretch fabric tape with hook and loop fastener,or suitable adhesive systems may be considered. Suitableadhesive systems are those whose bonding and acousticcoupling effectiveness have been demonstrated. The attach-ment method should provide support for the si
45、gnal cable (andpreamplifier) to prevent the cable(s) from stressing the sensoror causing loss of coupling.9.2 Surface ContactReliable coupling between the sensorand pipe surface shall be ensured and the surface of the pipe incontact with the sensor shall be clean and free of particulatematter. Senso
46、rs should be mounted directly on the RTRPsurface unless integral waveguides shown by test to besatisfactory are used. Preparation of the contact surface shall becompatible with both sensor and structure modification re-quirements. Possible causes of signal loss are coatings such aspaint and encapsul
47、ants, inadequate sensor contact on curvedsurfaces, off-center sensor positioning and surface roughness atthe contact area.9.3 Zone LocationSeveral high-frequency sensors (100 to250 kHz) are used for zone location of emission sources.Attenuation is greater at higher frequencies requiring closerspacin
48、g of sensors. Zones may be refined if events hit morethan one sensor. (See Fig. 1 and Annex A3.)9.4 Locations and SpacingsSensor locations on the RTRPare determined by the need to detect structural flaws at criticalsections, for example, joints, high-stress areas, geometricdiscontinuities, repaired
49、regions, and visible defects. Thenumber of sensors and their location is based on whether fullcoverage or random sampling of the system is desired. For fullNOTE 1A maximum of three sensors can be connected into one channel.FIG. 1 Typical Sensor Positioning for Zone LocationE1118053coverage of the RTRP, excluding joints, sensor spacings of 3 m(10 ft) are usually suitable.9.4.1 Attenuation CharacterizationSignal propagationlosses shall be determined in accordance with the followingprocedure. This procedure provides a relative measure of theattenuation,
