1、Designation: E 1135 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forComparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the techniques for comparingthe brightness of the penetrants used in the fluorescent d
3、yepenetrant process. This comparison is performed under con-trolled conditions which eliminate most of the variables presentin actual penetrant examination. Thus, the brightness factor isisolated and is measured independently of the other factorswhich affect the performance of a penetrant system.1.2
4、 The brightness of a penetrant indication is dependent onthe developer with which it is used. This test method however,measures the brightness of a penetrant on a convenient filterpaper substrate which serves as a substitute for the developer.1.3 The brightness measurement obtained is color-correcte
5、dto approximate the color response of the average human eye.Since most examination is done by human eyes, this numberhas more practical value than a measurement in units of energyemitted. Also, the comparisons are expressed as a percentage ofsome chosen standard penetrant because no absolute system
6、ofmeasurement exists at this time.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limita
7、tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this test method ma
8、ybe found in Terminology E 1316.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Simulated indications are prepared by impregnatingfilter paper with a specified quantity of the penetrant under test.The samples and similarly prepared standards are then mea-sured in a fluorometer equipped to excite the penetrant withnear
9、 ultraviolet (black) light and respond to color approxi-mately as does the human eye under the conditions encoun-tered during a normal examination. The fluorometer must beequipped with a special sample holder to accept the samplesemployed.4.2 The sample preparation is not indicative of the totalsyst
10、em performance but is convenient as a lot acceptance test.A known amount of penetrant is diluted with a specifiedamount of a volatile solvent, pieces of filter paper are soaked inthe mixture, the paper is dried under specified conditions atroom temperature, placed in the sample holder, and measuredw
11、ith the fluorometer.5. Significance and Use5.1 The penetrant is one of the major components of thefluorescent penetrant process, and very influential in the degreeof performance attained by a given system or group ofmaterials. The penetrant must enter the discontinuity, beremoved from the part surfa
12、ce but not from the discontinuity,be brought out of the discontinuity by the developer, and finallyviewed and detected by the inspector. If all processing param-eters are optimized for the parts being examined and theexamination materials in use, the intrinsic brightness of thepenetrant becomes the
13、factor which governs the sensitivity ofthe system.5.2 Because the eye responds logarithmically rather thanlinearly to changes of brightness, differences in brightnessmust be fairly large to be significant. Differences of 25 % areobvious, 12 % noticeable, and 6 % detectable by the eye.Experts may som
14、etimes detect 3 % differences, but these arenot usually significant to the average observer.5.3 The significance of the results also depends on thedeviation between readings on the same material sample.Different samples, even when prepared out of the same initialquantity of penetrant will not exactl
15、y reproduce readings.These differences occur because of paper differences andpenetrant migration on the paper samples.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetrant and Magnetic Par
16、ticle Methods.Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1135 97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
17、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.4 To determine the confidence limits for the test results, itis necessary to perform certain statistical calculations. Theconfidence limits are determined by the equation:CL 5 X6 ts/=n (1)where:CL = the limits within which we can be confid
18、ent the valuelies,X= the average of all readings,t = “students t” (values of which are given by statisticalmanuals),n = the number of readings used,s = the standard deviation determined by the equation:S 5( X 2 X!2n 2 1(2)where:X = the individual readings.In this use, the 95 % confidence level (the
19、value will lie withinthe limits 95 % of the time) is sufficient. At this level, t for 4samples is 3.182.5.4.1 If the confidence limits of two material samplesoverlap, the materials must be considered equal even thoughthe measured average values are different.6. Apparatus6.1 Filter Paper, Whatman #4,
20、 a fast, open structured paper.6.2 Pipets, 1-mL capacity.6.3 Volumetric Flasks, with stopper, 25-mL.6.4 Paper Drying Holders“Crocodile” type battery clips2 in. long with12 in. opening have been found satisfactory. Setup holders to allow drying inside desiccator.6.5 Methylene Chloride or Acetone, tec
21、hnical grade.6.6 Desiccator, 250-mm diameter or larger.6.7 Silica Gel, for use as desiccant.7. Sample Preparation7.1 Sample PreparationNormally a set of samples of astandard material must be prepared along with any testsamples.7.1.1 Pipet 1.0 mL of chosen penetrant into a 25-mLstoppered volumetric f
22、lask.7.1.2 Fill flask to line with methylene chloride, stopper andmix. (If penetrant is not soluble in methylene chloride, useacetone.)7.1.3 Pour 10 to 20 mL of mixture into a 50-mL beaker.7.1.4 Using forceps, dip 4 papers (cut to size for sampleholder in use), one at a time, into beaker, withdraw b
23、y drawingacross the lip of the beaker to remove excess liquid, and clipinto paper drying holder. Holder shall cover as small an area ofpaper as possible.7.1.5 Hang papers in a vertical position inside desiccatoruntil dry. This will require approximately 5 min at roomtemperature.8. Procedure for Turn
24、er Fluorometer4,5NOTE 1All available apparatus may not be suitable for these appli-cations.8.1 Sample Holder, designed for the fluorometer in use.8.1.1 The sample holder for the Turner Fluorometers (seeFig. 1) is detailed in Fig. 2. It is designed for use in the standarddoor from which the spring cl
25、ip and the interior portion of thetube holder have been removed.4The sole source of supply for the Turner Fluorometer known to the committeeat this time are Turner models 110, 111, 112 made by Sequoia-Turner of MountainView, CA.5If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informat
26、ion toASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Turner Fluorometer, with Door Open Showing Sample Holder and Filters in PlaceE 1135 97 (2003)28.2 Primary Light FilterThe primary (light source) f
27、ilterfor the Turner fluorometers is a Corning-Kopp CS 7-37 2-in.square5,6glass filter.8.3 Secondary Light FiltersThe secondary (detector) filtersystem consists of a Corning-Kopp 3-77 and Kodak #2A, 86Aand CC4OY.5,7The Turner fluorometer requires 2 in. squarefilters.8.4 Neutral Density Intensity Redu
28、cing FiltersAn assort-ment of photographic type filters is required. These should bethe same size as the secondary filters (8.3) and the filterschosen for any measurement should be mounted with thesecondary filters.8.5 Place the primary filter in the right filter holder and thesecondary filters in t
29、he left filter holder.8.6 Insert neutral density filters in secondary filter positionand set sensitivity control (under primary filter) to “1”.8.7 Turn on instrument and allow 15 min warm up beforeuse.8.8 Place a prepared sample of the brightest material to bemeasured in the sample holder.8.9 Place
30、holder in instrument door, close door, and notereading. Open door and insert proper neutral density filters tobring reading on scale, preferably in the 70 to 90 scale divisionrange.8.10 Open door, remove sample holder, remove sample, andreplace with an untreated filter paper.8.11 Place sample holder
31、 in door, close door, and set readingto zero with “blank” control.8.12 Remove blank paper and insert prepared samples formeasurement. Alternate samples of unknown and standardmaterial to minimize affect of any instrument drift which mightoccur.9. Procedure for Coleman Fluorometer5,89.1 Sample Holder
32、The sample holder for the ColemanFluorometer (see Fig. 3) is detailed in Fig. 4. It is designed forinsertion into the sample port in the top of the instrument.Stops to control its rotation may be installed on the instrumentcase and the sample holder.9.2 Primary Light FilterThe primary (light source)
33、 filterfor the Coleman 12C is the Coleman B-1 or B-1-S filter.6The sole source of supply known to the committee at this time is Kopp GlassInc., P.O. Box 8255, Pittsburgh, PA 15218.7The sole source of supply of the Kodak 2A, 86A, and CC40Y known to thecommittee at this time is Eastman Kodak, Inc., Ro
34、chester, NY 14650.8The sole source of supply of the Coleman Model 12C known to the committeeat this time is Perkin Elmer of Norwalk, CT.Dimensionsin. mmA 4.5 114.3B 2.186 55.52C 1.125 28.575D 0.875 22.225E 0.563 14.30F 0.50 12.70G 0.813 20.65H 1.375 34.925J 1.938 49.225K 0.188 radius (2) 4.775L 2.25
35、 57.15M 2.00 50.80N 1.00 25.40P 1.375 34.925Q 2.50 63.50R 3.813 96.85S 0.438 diameter drill thru 11.125T 0.625 diameter counterbore 0.25 deep 15.8756.35V 0.25 6.35W 0.125 3.175X 0.063 1.60Y 1.125 28.575Z 0.25 6.35AA 0.50 drill thru dye penetrants; fluores-cent penetrantsASTM International takes no p
36、osition respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsib
37、ility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to
38、ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the addre
39、ss shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 5 Sample HolderE 1135 97 (2003)5
