1、Designation: E 1160 87 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forOn-Site Inspection and Verification of Operation of SolarDomestic Hot Water Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1160; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures and test methods forconducting an on-site inspection and
3、acceptance test of aninstalled domestic hot water system (DHW) using flat plate,concentrating-type collectors or tank absorber systems.1.2 It is intended as a simple and economical acceptance testto be performed by the system installer or an independent testerto verify that critical components of th
4、e system are functioningand to acquire baseline data reflecting overall short termsystem heat output.1.3 This guide is not intended to generate accurate measure-ments of system performance (see ASHRAE standard 95-1981for a laboratory test) or thermal efficiency.1.4 The values stated in SI units are
5、to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
6、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 823 Practice for Nonoperational Exposure and Inspectionof a Solar CollectorE 904 Practice for Generating All-Day Thermal Perfor-mance Data for Solar CollectorsE 1056 Practice for Inst
7、allation and Service of SolarDomestic Water Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings2.2 ASHRAE Standards:93-1986 (ANSI B198.1-1977) Method of Testing to Deter-mine the Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors395-1981 Method of Testing to Determine the ThermalPerformance of Domestic Water Hea
8、ting System32.3 NIST Standard:76-1137 Thermal Data Requirements and PerformanceEvaluation Procedures for the National Solar Heating andCooling Demonstration Program43. Summary of Guide3.1 This guide recommends inspection procedures and testsfor: general system inspection, collector efficiency, freez
9、eprotection, and controller and pump/blower operation.3.1.1 Verification of satisfactory operation of these compo-nents indicates that the system is functioning. Tests aredesigned to take a minimum of time in preparation, testing andrestoration of the system. They may use relatively inexpensive,noni
10、ntrusive instrumentation which system installers can rea-sonably be expected to have on hand.3.2 Recommended tests for each component or subsystemfall into categories according to the level of complexity andcost (Note 1).3.2.1 Category AThe most rudimentary tests, such asvisual inspection.3.2.2 Cate
11、gory BTests that require minimal instrumenta-tion and skill.3.2.3 Category CTests that require most expensive orsophisticated instrumentation or more time to perform.NOTE 1Category B tests should include Category A tests as prereq-uisite, etc.3.2.4 Selection of the appropriate test is at the discret
12、ion ofthe tester and purchaser, who should be aware of the tradeoffsbetween cost and accuracy at each level of testing. The testershould make these clearly known to the purchaser of thesystem who may wish to assume the costs of more sophisti-cated testing (Note 2). Preferably there should be a part
13、of the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Materials.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
14、approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1160-87(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
15、e ASTM website.3Available from ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Altanta, GA 30329.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,MD 20899.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.installation con
16、tract between the tester and purchaser spellingout test specifics (for example, Category A, B or C for eachsubtest).NOTE 2Consult your local National Balancing Bureau or AssociatedAir Balance Council.3.3 Instrumentation includes sensors to monitor some or allof the following conditions:3.3.1 Total i
17、ncident solar radiation (in the plane of thecollector array),3.3.2 Outdoor ambient temperature,3.3.3 Internal building temperature near storage system,3.3.4 Collector loop flow rate and temperatures, and3.3.5 Storage temperature.3.3.6 Each system should be instrumented to the practicallevel required
18、 for calculation (see NIST standard 76-1137 foranother method to instrument and evaluate solar systems).Some sites may need additional instrumentation as a result oftheir unique requirements. Fig. 1 shows a typical closed loopsystem with the instrumentation required for the various tests.3.4 The var
19、ious types of available instrumentation are listedin Tables 1-4. Approximate cost ranges, accuracy and applica-tion information are given. Most of the necessary instrumentsare presently used in conventional heating and air conditioningwork except the pyranometer or solar radiation flux-measuringinst
20、ruments.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for on-site assessment of in-service operation by short term measurement of appropriatesystem functions under representative operating conditions.4.2 Primary application is for residential systems andmedium-size multi-family units or commerci
21、al buildings. Useof back-up conventional DHW heating system is assumed toaugment solar heating.4.3 This guide is intended for use by suppliers, installers,consultants and homeowners in evaluating on-site operation ofan installed system. Emphasis is placed on simplified measure-ments that do not requ
22、ire special skills, intrusive instrumenta-tion, system modification or interruption of service to thepurchaser.4.4 The purpose of this guide is to verify that the system isfunctioning. Copies of all data and reports must be submittedby the testing group to the owner or his or her designated agent.4.
23、5 Data and reports from these procedures and tests may beused to compare the system performance over time, but shouldnot be used to compare different systems or installations.4.6 Test is for a newly installed system and also for periodicchecking.5. Procedures5.1 Preparation:5.1.1 Install and operate
24、 components and controls in accor-dance with manufacturers instructions.5.1.2 Use temporary portable instrumentation or any perma-nent instruments installed for continuous monitoring to evalu-ate system performance as long as accuracy is 62 % of fullscale and reproducibility is $5 % and instrumentat
25、ion isinstalled properly in accordance with manufacturers instruc-tion.5.1.3 Operate the system in a normal and satisfactorymanner for several days before the on-site performance test.Operate the entire system at a nearly steady-state condition forat least a 2-h period before testing. Conduct tests
26、for collectoreffectiveness under clear, sunny conditions.5.2 General Inspection:5.2.1 The ability to perform as intended for the specifiedperiod of time defines system durability and reliability. Systemperformance depends on the proper operation of each of theFIG. 1 Closed Loop SystemOne TankE 1160
27、87 (2007)2subsystems. The manual containing drawings, specifications,and engineering data shall serve as a benchmark for theinspection.5.2.2 The following components should be inspected forproper installation (see Practice E 1056) and operation to checkfor any malfunctions, leaks or improper adjustm
28、ents. See Ref(1) for an Installation Checklist.5.2.2.1 Collectors and connections,5.2.2.2 Controls and sensors,5.2.2.3 Insulation,5.2.2.4 Interconnectionsmechanical and electrical,5.2.2.5 Pumps and motors,5.2.2.6 Valves and fittings,5.2.2.7 Storage containers and media,5.2.2.8 Heat exchangers,5.2.2.
29、9 Dampers and ducting,5.2.2.10 Air or liquid systems leaks,5.2.2.11 Interrelated support systems, including other airhandlers, chillers, heaters, or heat pumps, and5.2.2.12 Fans and air handlers.5.2.3 Most of the failures reported have been in the collectorsubsystem and connections and controls with
30、 considerablyfewer failures reported for valves and pump subsystems. Therehas been a high incidence of improper system operation due tocontrols improperly connected or adjusted.5.2.4 A visual inspection should be made of all connections(see Practice E 1056, 6.7.6) to check for evidence of leaks orpo
31、tential future corrosion due to improper use of materialsTABLE 1 Solar Radiation ProbesType of SensorApproximateCost (dollars)Accuracy Type of Output Special CommentsPyranometer 150 to 1000 13 % of instantaneousvalueAnalog electrical millivoltoutput, may need amplifierMounting point must beunshaded;
32、 some modelsincrease error increase errorby tiltingIntegrating pyranometer 150 to 1000 5 % of integrated value Mechanical totalizer (andanalog electrical on somemodels)Some models provideinstantaneous readingPhotovoltaic solar cell 25 to 150 65 % of instantaneousvalueAnalog Drift or degradation over
33、long periodsTABLE 2 Thermal SensorsType of SensorApproximateCost (dollars)Accuracy Convenience Type of Output Special CommentsBimetalicthermometer25 to 50 High; 1 % or less offull scaleGood, when installed correctly Visual Not reliable for differential temperatures,time lag present; clip on type ava
34、ilableBulb typethermometer25 High Difficult to read because ofsmall scaleVisual Very fragileDigital thermometer 100 + Depends on type ofprobe(s), typically0.5C (1F)Excellent, one indicator canserve several locations (probes)Visual (digital) Probes typically cost $50Thermocouple 25 to 30 Fair, 1C (2F
35、) Excellent when coupled withindicatorAnalog (electrical) Not reliable for measuring temperaturedifferences; requires special wire forinstallationResistancetemperaturedetectors (HTD)60 High 0.25C (0.5F) orbetterExcellent when coupled withindicatorAnalog (electrical) Especially suited for measuringte
36、mperature differencesThermistors 1 to 30 Good, 0.5C (1F) Excellent when coupled withindicatorAnalog (electrical) Not available in proper housing; can bedamagedTapes 2 to 3 Fair, 13C (25F)stepsExcellent, reusable Visual InexpensiveTABLE 3 Liquid Flow Sensors and IndicatorsType of SensorApproximateCos
37、t (dollars)Accuracy Convenience Type of OutputPressure gages 50 Strictly a flow indicator Low VisualFloat type 30 Fair, + 5 % full scale accuracy Moderate VisualTABLE 4 Air FlowmetersType of SensorApproximateCost (dollars)AAccuracy Type of Output Special CommentsHot wire anemometer 600 to 1000 Moder
38、ate, 2 % of full scale;recalibration necessaryAnalog (electrical) Some models easily damaged by debris and improperhandling; must be properly located in order to determinemean flowTurbine 300 Good, 1 % of flow Analog (electrical) Must be properly located in order to determine mean flowPitot tube 300
39、 Fair, 1 to 5 % Visual or analog (electrical) Standard for measuring duct velocitiesAIncludes readout device or transmitter.E 1160 87 (2007)3(Practice E 1056, 6.7.2), improper joining of dissimilar metals(Practice E 1056, 6.7.14), or improper fluids (Practice E 1056,6.5). See Ref (2) for a leak chec
40、k on air systems. A pressurecheck on liquid systems should be done to see if it meetsmanufacturers recommendations.5.2.5 Check pumps for noise (most pumps are very quiet).Noisy fluid flow almost always indicates a bad pump, cavita-tion or air in the system and is symptomatic of furtherproblems. In a
41、n open or drainback system noisy fluid flow willoccur if there is water loss due to leakage. If a pump problemis suspected, one way to determine if the pump is seized or hasother electrical problems is to touch the assembly to see if it ishotter than the fluid circulating through it. Also any burnin
42、godors may indicate electrical problems.5.3 Collector Operation and Effectiveness (See PracticeE 823, Practice E 904 and ASHRAE Standard 93-1986 forother tests). Table 5 gives the typical operating ranges of thetest parameters for various collector system configurations.6. Test Level AVisual Inspect
43、ion6.1 ProcedureTurn on system, observe the pump orblower comes on with sunshine available. Temperature onreturn line from collector should be slightly warmer (about 5C(10F) than the supply line to the collector. This can bedetermined by feel or by temperature gages (see Table 2)ifinstalled. The ret
44、urn temperature should also show a gradualincrease during daylight hours (will fluctuate depending onwater usage).6.2 Interpretation and Report of ResultsIf temperaturerise is unreasonable (too little or too muchsee 6.1) checkpump or blower for proper operation and fluid level in system.7. Test Leve
45、l BEstimation of Flow Rates7.1 Procedures:7.1.1 In indirect system, record total head (dischargepressure-suction pressure), and establish flow rate using inter-section of system curve with blower curve provided bymanufacturer (see Fig. 2 correct for antifreeze percentage). SeeRef (2) for more inform
46、ation.7.1.2 In direct or open system measure discharge pressurewith drain valve and makeup valve closed. Then open makeupvalve, turn on pump and adjust the drain valve until thepressure is the same as in 7.1.1 (see Fig. 3 for operating point).7.2 InstrumentationA pressure gage (see Fig. 4 and Table3
47、), a stopwatch, and a container may be needed for this test.7.3 Interpretation and Report of ResultsThe systemshould be providing 7 to 27 cm3/m2s (0.01 to 0.04 gpm/ft2)ofcollector or as specified in operating manual.8. Test Level CMeasure Radiation and TemperatureChanges (See Ref (3) for similar tes
48、t)8.1 Procedure:8.1.1 Measure radiation (q) with pyranometer. To get steadystate, read every 15 min until two consecutive values are thesame within 5 %. Record readings, once at steady state, every15 min for 2 h. Measure collector inlet (Tin) and outlettemperatures (Tout) every 15 min for 2 h (may n
49、eed to close offmakeup water and backup heater for duration of test. Use flowrates from Test Level B or use flowmeters for fluid flow rate(Q).8.2 Instrumentation:8.2.1 Use pyranometer or solar cell (see Table 1).TABLE 5 Parameters of Solar Domestic Hot Water SystemsSystem TypeFlow Rate, cm3/m2s(gal/minft2)TemperatureRise, On, C (F)TemperatureRise, Off,C (F)SpecificHeat, Ws/gC (Btu/lbF)Density, g/cm3(lb/gal)Solar Radia-tion, Mini-mum, W/m2(Btu/hft2)Flat Plate:draindown 727 (0.010.04) 511 (1020) 0.53 (15) 4.2 (1.0) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (
