1、Designation: E1237 93 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forInstalling Bonded Resistance Strain Gages1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1237; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidelines for installing
3、 bondedresistance strain gages. It is not intended to be used for bulk ordiffused semiconductor gages. This document pertains only toadhesively bonded strain gages.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to
4、SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
5、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/SEM 1-1984; Standard for Portable Strain-IndicatingInstrumentsDesignation
6、of Strain Gage Bridge andColor Code of Terminal Connections; August 16, 1984.33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lead wirean electrical conductor used to connect asensor to its instrumentation.3.1.2 resistance strain gage bridgea commonWheatsone bridge made up of strain gages used for themeasuremen
7、t of small changes of resistance produced by astrain gage, where the gages may be wired in the followingconfiguration (see also Fig. 1 and Fig. 2):Arm 1 between + excitation and signalArm 2 between excitation and signalArm 3 between + signal and excitationArm 4 between + signal and + excitation3.2 D
8、efinitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bonded resistance strain gagea resistive elementwith a carrier that is attached by bonding to the base materialso that the resistance of the element will vary as the surface ofthe base material to which it is attached is deformed.3.2.1.1 Discussion
9、For a complete explanation of this termsee Test Methods E251.4. Significance and Use4.1 Methods and procedures used in installing bondedresistance strain gages can have significant effects upon theperformance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducibledetection of surface deformation requires appropr
10、iate andconsistent surface preparation, mounting procedures, and veri-fication techniques.5. Gage Selection5.1 Careful consideration must be given to the intended usewhen selecting an appropriate gage. Installation and operatingcharacteristics of a gage are affected by many factors such asresistive
11、element alloy, carrier material, gage length, gage andresistive element pattern, solder tab type and configuration,temperature compensation characteristics, resistance of activeelements, gage factor, and options desired.5.2 Factors that should also be considered include type oftest or application, o
12、perating temperature range, environmentalconditions, accuracy requirements, stability, maximumelongation, test conditions (static or dynamic) and duration,and simplicity and ease of installation. Dissipation of self-generated heat to the carrier should be considered in selectinggage resistance and s
13、ize of grid.5.3 To minimize errors due to strain gradients over the gagearea, gage size should normally be small with respect to thedimensions of an immediately adjacent geometric irregularity(hole, fillet, etc.). However, the gage size should generally be1This guide is under the jurisdiction of AST
14、M Committee E28 on MechanicalTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration ofMechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.Current edition approved April 15, 2014. Published August 2014. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1237 93 (2009
15、).DOI: 10.1520/E1237-93R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National
16、Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1large relative to the underlying material structure (grain size,fabric-reinforced composite w
17、eave pattern, etc.).5.4 A two- or three-element rosette gage should be usedunless the strain state is unquestionably uniaxial. A single-element gage may be selected to measure the strain due to auniaxial strain state if the principal directions are known.5.5 Temperature compensation of the gage shou
18、ld be se-lected to match the thermal coefficient of expansion of the basematerial, where possible. As a note of caution, for extremetemperature changes, nominal or handbook data on the thermalexpansion characteristics of the base material may not besufficiently accurate, and actual calibration may b
19、e required.5.6 Strain gage manufacturers provide detailed critiques ofthe various factors that affect gage selection (1).45.7 For nonroutine applications, the advice of experiencedusers and of strain gage manufacturers should be sought.Specific verification tests may be required to ensure accuratere
20、sults.6. Bonding Technique Selection6.1 Selection of the proper bonding technique and agent isimportant. Because the bonding agent becomes part of thestrain gage system, many of the gage selection factors shouldbe considered in bonding technique or agent selection.6.2 Additional selection factors in
21、clude compatibility of thebonding materials used in the selected gage construction withthe material under test, environmental conditions, and availableinstallation time.6.3 Strain gages from different manufacturers may differ.Generally, each manufacturer will supply instructions andrecommendations f
22、or bonding. These instructions should beconsidered when making a selection.7. Surface Preparation7.1 The surface must be properly prepared to ensure goodbonding. Surface preparation includes solvent degreasing,cleaning, mechanical preparation, and chemical preparation.The surface should be smooth, b
23、ut not highly polished.Preparation of this surface must be compatible with the gage,bonding method, and base material.7.2 Erroneous gage readings may be caused by poor bond-ing of strain gages, which could be due to unremoved coatingssuch as paint, scale, rust, and oils. Poor bonding may also result
24、from applying gages to improperly prepared surfaces, such asmirror smooth finishes or surfaces containing deep pits andgouges.7.3 Strain gage manufacturers supply surface preparationsuggestions and recommendations. This information should bereviewed and considered when preparing base material sur-fa
25、ces for the particular gages selected.8. Gage InstallationGeneral8.1 All work must be performed with clean hands and tools.All materials needed should be assembled and readily availableat the gage installation location.8.2 The specific surface preparation procedures should be inaccordance with the i
26、nstructions supplied for the bonding agentselected. Bonding agent handling and safety precautionsshould be reviewed and carefully followed.8.3 The detailed gage installation procedures available fromthe strain gage manufacturer for the particular gage/bondingtechnique system selected should be caref
27、ully reviewed andrigorously followed. Deviations from these procedures, if any,should be documented and verified to ensure that the installa-tion will yield suitably accurate results.8.4 Gage handling and alignment procedures should berigorously followed. Deviations, if any, should be documented.9.
28、Gage InstallationAdhesive9.1 Ensure that the proper adhesive is selected for a givengage type. Follow gage manufacturers recommendations forselecting an adhesive.9.2 The environment to which a gage is to be subjected andtest duration should be considered when selecting an adhesive.9.3 Ensure that th
29、e adhesive to be used is not out-of-datewith regard to storage and shelf life requirements.9.4 Ensure that test material temperature range and gage/bonding system temperature range are compatible.9.5 Temperatures and times should be monitored to ensurethat the adhesive temperature and pot life requi
30、rements, ifapplicable, are not exceeded.9.6 Adhesive curing methods and schedules should berigorously followed. Deviations, if any, should be documented.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.FIG. 1 Designation of Strain Gage Bridge and Color
31、Code ofLead Wires (Full Bridge)FIG. 2 Designations of Strain Gage Bridge and Color Code ofLead Wires (14 Bridge)E1237 93 (2014)29.7 If curing with pressure is required, take special care tomake sure the pressure is proper and is distributed uniformlyover the entire gage. Nonuniform pressure may resu
32、lt in anirregular bond line. Care should be taken to ensure that thegage position does not shift as a result of applying thispressure.10. Lead Wire Connection10.1 Care must be exercised in attaching the lead wires. Inorder to prevent lead wire forces from damaging the strain gageor degrading its per
33、formance, the use of gages with integralcopper terminals or bonded terminals is recommended. Bond-able terminals are recommended where extended use of the testpiece is expected. References (2), (3), and (4) provide supple-mental information on these subjects.10.2 Wire splices should be avoided, but
34、if a splice isrequired, ensure a good electrical and mechanical connection.The preferred method includes crimping, soldering, and insu-lating.10.3 It is important to select the proper wire type, size, andlength to maintain strain gage stability, sensitivity, and integ-rity. Moisture can cause signal
35、 instability and drift, hence thelead wire insulation integrity should be checked before instal-lation.10.4 The lead wires shall be identifiable by color or otheridentifying mark. Unless specified otherwise, gages shall bewired into a strain gage bridge configuration that conforms tothe ANSI/SEM 1-1
36、984.10.4.1 The following sign conventions should be used:tension, elongation, increased pressure, or other generallyaccepted positive quantities shall produce positive outputsignals.10.4.2 The color code for strain gage bridge wiring andconnections shall be as follows:Red + excitationGreen + signalB
37、lack excitationWhite signal10.4.3 If all elements of the bridge are active, bridgeelements shall be arranged so that functions producing positiveoutput will cause increasing resistance in arm 1, or 3, or both,and decreasing resistance in arm 2, or 4, or both, of the bridge.10.4.4 When only one bridg
38、e element is active (quarterbridge), arm 1 shall be used. (Arms 2, 3, and 4 shall be used asinactive elements.)10.4.4.1 For quarter-bridge applications, the installationshould usually consist of the 3-wire configuration with 3 leadwires between the gage and bridge.10.4.5 When two bridge elements are
39、 active and of oppositepolarity (half bridge), arms 1 and 2 shall be used. (Arms 3 and4 shall be used as inactive elements.) When two bridgeelements are active and of the same polarity, arms 1 and 3 shallbe used. (Arms 2 and 4 shall be used as inactive elements.)10.4.6 Soldering techniques are usual
40、ly the same as thoseused for most electronic soldering applications, although somestrain gage installations require more sophisticated techniques.Noncorrosive fluxes and minimum heats shall be employed.10.4.7 Residual flux shall be removed with a suitable brushor cotton swab and cleaning solvent. If
41、 open faced, protect gridwhile soldering and cleaning.11. Verification Checks11.1 The completed strain gage installation shall be checkedprior to use to verify its integrity and ability to provide reliableand repeatable data.11.2 Initial Checks After Installation:11.2.1 Visually check the bonded str
42、ain gage afterinstallation, after the cement has cured, and before the leadwire is soldered. The gage should be examined visually for thefollowing:11.2.1.1 Gage is accurately located and oriented with re-spect to pre-marked reference lines.11.2.1.2 A small amount of excess adhesive is visiblecomplet
43、ely around the gage periphery.11.2.1.3 There is complete adhesion at the gage edges andcorners. Gage should appear to be flat on the surface.11.2.1.4 There is no evidence of air bubbles or mottled gageappearance.11.2.2 Check gage resistance. Shifts greater than 0.5 % areindicative of damage due to i
44、mproper handling or clampingwhen using adhesives with room temperature cure. Installa-tions using elevated temperature cure may exhibit higher shiftsbut in no case should they exceed 2 % and then similarinstallations should exhibit uniformity of the shift to within0.5 %.11.2.3 Check resistance betwe
45、en grid of a bonded straingage and the surface to which the gage is attached.Aresistanceof at least 1000 M is desirable, and 10 000 M is normal.However, a minimum reading of 20 M is necessary foraccurate, stable functioning of the gage.NOTE 1When testing for high resistances between the grid/straine
46、lement and ground, a conventional low-voltage ohmmeter should beused. High-voltage insulation testers can damage the gage.11.3 Checks After Lead Wire Connections:11.3.1 After the lead wire has been soldered to the bondedstrain gage terminals, and terminals have been properlycleaned, visually examine
47、 the connections. They should be:11.3.1.1 Smooth, no solder spikes,11.3.1.2 Shiny; frosty appearing surfaces should beresoldered, and11.3.1.3 Free of discoloration from flux residues.11.3.2 Verify the electrical continuity by measuring thecombined gage and lead wire resistance. This will validate th
48、esolder connection, the lead wire, and the splices in the leadwire. If this shows an open circuit or indicates a resistancedifferent from that measured in 12.2.3 plus the resistance of thelead wire, the gage could have been damaged during the leadwire installation, a bad solder joint or a bad splice
49、 or both wasmade. The cause of the observed resistance difference shouldbe determined and corrective action taken.11.3.3 Quickly check on the gage bond (5).11.3.3.1 Connect the gage to a static strain indicator, datasystem, or other readout device.11.3.3.2 Balance the bridge.E1237 93 (2014)311.3.3.3 Press lightly on the strain gage grid area with theeraser end of a lead pencil.11.3.3.4 When pressure is applied the strain indicator shouldshow some movement; and, when removed, the indicatorshould return to zero.11.3.3.5 If the indicator fails to return to z
