1、Designation: E1255 09E1255 16Standard Practice forRadioscopy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates th
2、e year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2 provides application details for radioscopic examination using penetrating radiation. This includes dynamicradioscopy and for the purposes of this practic
3、e, radioscopy where there is no motion of the object during exposure (referred toas static radioscopic imaging) both using an analog component such as an electro-optic device or analog camera. Since thetechniques involved and the applications for radioscopic examination are diverse, this practice is
4、 not intended to be limiting orrestrictive, but rather to address the general applications of the technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E94 andE1000, Terminology E1316, Practice E747, Practice E1025, Test Method Practice E2597E2698, and Fed. Std. Nos. 21 CFR1020.40 and 29 CFR 19
5、10.96 for a list of documents that provide additional information and guidance.1.2 The general principles discussed in this practice apply broadly to penetrating radiation radioscopic systems. However, thisdocument is written specifically for use with X-ray and gamma-ray systems. Other radioscopic s
6、ystems, such as those employingneutrons, will involve equipment and application details unique to such systems.1.3 The former mandatory Annex “A1. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTS, SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIRE-MENTS” was deleted and the detailed requirements are appended now in the non-mandatory Appendix X1.
7、 Appendix X1 may beused to fulfill existing contracts.1.4 The user of this practice shall note that energies higher than 320keV may require different methods other than thosedescribed within this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated wi
8、th its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see Section 89 and Fed. Std. Nos. 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.2. Referenc
9、ed Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used forRadiologyE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1025 Pr
10、actice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1411 Practice for Qualifica
11、tion of Radioscopic SystemsE1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic DataE1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination DataE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE2002 Practice for Determining Total Imag
12、e Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X andGamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2009June 1, 2016.
13、 Published August 2009July 2016. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20022009 asE1255 - 96E1255 - 09.(2002). DOI: 10.1520/E1255-09.10.1520/E1255-16.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice SE-1255 in Section II of that code.3 For referen
14、cedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the
15、user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard
16、 as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2597E2339 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector ArraysDigital Imaging and Communication inNonde
17、structive Evaluation (DICONDE)E2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector ArraysE2903 Test Method for Measurement of the Effective Focal Spot Size of Mini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes2.2 ASNT Standard:4SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification
18、 in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Federal Standards:521 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements of Cabinet X-Ray Systems29 CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation2.4 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (
19、NCRP) Standard:NCRP49 Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies Up to 10 MeV62.5 AIA National Aerospace Standard:NAS-410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel72.6 Other Standards:ISO 9712 Nondestructive TestingQuali
20、fication and Certification of NDT Personnel8SMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-Copy RecordingCameras93. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spe
21、cific to This Standard:3.2.1 basic detector spatial resolutionhalf the value of unsharpness measured as described in 7.2.5.3 with magnification 1 (IQIin contact to surface of the active area of the detector). The value is given in m or Line/mm (L/mm).3.2.2 basic system spatial resolutionhalf the val
22、ue of system unsharpness measured as described in 7.2.5.3. The value is givenin m or lines/mm (L/mm).3.2.3 camera spatial resolutionan expression for the resolution of the camera inside the image intensifier.3.2.4 system unsharpnessthe unsharpness of the system with given magnification measured as d
23、escribed in 7.2.5.3. The valueis given in m or line pairs/mm (LP/mm). Practice E2002 shows a conversion between both values in Table 1.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Visual evaluation as well as computer-aided automated radioscopic examination systems are used in a wide variety ofpenetrating radiation ex
24、amination applications. A simple visual evaluation radioscopic examination system might consist of aradiation source, a fluorescent screen viewed with an analog camera, suitably enclosed in a radiation protective enclosure and avideo display. At the other extreme, a complex automated radioscopic exa
25、mination system might consist of an X-ray source, arobotic examination part manipulator, a radiation protective enclosure, an electronic image detection system with a camera, a framegrabber, a digital image processor, an image display, and a digital image archiving system. All system components are
26、supervisedby the host computer, which incorporates the software necessary to not only operate the system components, but to makeaccept/reject decisions as well. Systems having a wide range of capabilities between these extremes can be assembled usingavailable components. Guide E1000 lists many diffe
27、rent system configurations.4.2 This practice provides details for applying radioscopic examination with camera techniques; however, supplementalrequirements are necessary to address areas that are application and performance specific. Annex A1 provides the detailedsupplemental requirements for gover
28、nment contracts.5. Significance and Use5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to any material or examination objectthrough which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected including metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, andother nonmetal
29、lic materials. In addition to the benefits normally associated with radiography, radioscopic examination may beeither a dynamic, filmless technique allowing the examination part to be manipulated and imaging parameters optimized while theobject is undergoing examination, or a static, filmless techni
30、que wherein the examination part is stationary with respect to the X-raybeam. The differentiation to systems with digital detector arrays (DDAs) is the use of an analog component such as an electro-optic4 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlinga
31、te Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.5 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.6 Available from NCRP Publications, 7010 Woodmont Ave., Suite 1016, Bethesda, MD 20814.7 Ava
32、ilable from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.9 Available from the Society of Motion Picture for fixedfocus tubes the focal spot size given by the manufacturer of the tube may be used for calc
33、ulation of system unsharpness.Conventional focal spots of 1.0 mm and larger are useful at low geometric magnification values close to 1. Fractional focal spotsranging from 0.4 mm up to 1.0 mm are useful at geometric magnifications of up to approximately 2. Minifocus spots in the rangefrom 0.1 mm up
34、to 0.4 mm are useful at geometric magnifications up to about 6. Greater magnifications suggest the use of amicrofocus spot size of less than 0.1 mm in order to minimize the effects of geometric unsharpness. Microfocus X-ray tubes arecapable of focal spot sizes of less than 1 micrometre (106 metre) a
35、nd are useful for geometric magnifications of more than 100.7.1.2 Manipulation System for Dynamic RadioscopyThe examination part manipulation system has the function of holdingthe examination object and providing the necessary degrees of freedom, ranges of motion, and speeds of travel to position th
36、eobject areas of interest in the radiation beam in such a way so as to maximize the radioscopic examination systems response. Insome applications it may be desirable to manipulate the radiation source and detection system instead of, or in addition to, theobject. The manipulation system mustshall be
37、 capable of smooth, well-controlled motion, especially so for high-magnificationmicrofocus techniques, to take full advantage of the dynamic aspects of the radioscopic examination.7.1.3 Detection SystemThe detection system is a key element. It has the function of converting the radiation input signa
38、lcontaining part information,information into a corresponding electronic output signal while preserving the maximum amount ofobject information. The detector may be a two-dimensional area detector providing an area field of view.7.1.3.1 Asimple detection system may consist of a fluorescent screen vi
39、ewed directly by an analog camera.Advantages includea selectable resolution and low component costs. The disadvantages include noisy imagery due to inefficient light capture from thefluorescent screen and pin cushion distortion.7.1.3.2 Most radioscopic systems use image intensifiers that increase th
40、e capture efficiency from a fluorescent screen, intensifyand reduce the image to an output phosphor that is then captured by a standard analog or digital TV/CCD camera, or equivalent.The image intensifier enables increased frame rates, or higher examination throughputs in relation to the use of a fl
41、uorescent screenalone. This enables the use of a standard low cost camera resulting in much higher SNR than if the image intensifier were not used.Disadvantages of the image intensifier include image blooming, pin cushion distortion and a limited basic detector spatialresolution of about 100 to 400
42、m.to 400 m.107.1.3.3 Cameras in combination with image intensifiers may use analog or digital readout circuitry. Analog cameras mayproduce video signals and may be used with TV displays; digital cameras need computing devices for displaying the images.Digital cameras and lenses may be selected out o
43、f a wide range of options in camera spatial resolution, image size, sensitivity andframe rate.7.1.4 Information Processing System:10 Note that some scientific CCD cameras, and amorphous silicon detectors that always provide digital imagery are now capable of reading fluorescent screens at fast frame
44、rates without the need of an image intensifier. These devices are not covered by this standard.E1255 1647.1.4.1 The function of the information processing system is to take the output of the detection system and present a usefulimage for display and operator interpretation, or for automatic evaluati
45、on. The information processing system may take manydifferent forms, and may process analog or digital information, or a combination of the two.7.1.4.2 The information processing system includes all of the electronics and interfaces after the detection system to andincluding the image display and aut
46、omatic evaluation system. Information system components include such devices as framegrabbers, image processors, and in general any device that processes radioscopic examination information after the detectionsystem.7.1.4.3 The digital image processing system warrants special attention, since it is
47、the means by which radioscopic examinationinformation may be enhanced. Great care mustshall be exercised in determining which image processing techniques are mostbeneficial for the particular application. Directional spatial filtering operations, for example, must be given special attention ascertai
48、n feature orientations are emphasized while others are suppressed. While many digital image processing operations occursufficiently fast to follow time-dependent radioscopic system variables, others do not. Some image processing operations requiresignificant image acquisition and processing time, so
49、 as to limit the dynamic response of the radioscopic examination, in dynamicradioscopic systems.7.1.5 Automatic Evaluation SystemSome radioscopic examination applications can be fully automated including theaccept/reject decision through computer techniques. The automatic evaluation systems response to various examination objectconditions mustshall be carefully determined under actual operating conditions. The potential for rejecting good objects andaccepting defective objects mustshall be considered. Automatic evaluation system performance criteria should b
