1、Designation: E 1320 05Standard Reference Radiographs forTitanium Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1320; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to thisstandard are rep
3、roductions of original radiographs and aresupplied as a means for establishing some of the categories andseverity levels of discontinuities in titanium castings that maybe revealed by radiographic examination. Use of this standardfor the specification or grading of castings requires procure-ment of
4、the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate thediscontinuity types and severity levels. They should be used inaccordance with contractual specifications.NOTE 1The original radiographs produced for Volume I were takenwith X-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV. The original radiographsproduce
5、d for Volume II were taken with X-rays in the range of 200 K to340 KV.1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes.Volume I, described in Table 1, is applicable to a wall thicknessof up to 1 in. 0 to 25.4 mm. Volume II, described in Table 2,is applicable to a wall thickness of over 1 in. t
6、o 2 in. 25.4 mmto 50.8 mm. The standard may be used, where there is no otherapplicable standard, for other thicknesses for which agreementhas been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.1.3 The plates produced to serve for use in this standardwere purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinu
7、ity. Theplates were cast using different processes as shown in Table 1and Table 2. Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of theplates.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in brackets are for informa-tional purposes only.1.5 This standard
8、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
9、tandards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for the Inspection of Titanium Cast-ingsVolume I, applicable up to 1 in. 25.4 mm3,4Volume II, applicable over 1 in. to 2 in. 25.4 mm to 50.8mm4,53. Terminology3.1
10、 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this stan-dard, see Terminology E 1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs are designed so that accep-tance standards, which may be developed for particular re-quirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs. Theradiographs a
11、re of castings that were produced under condi-tions designed to produce the discontinuities. The referenceradiographs are intended to be used for casting thicknessranges in accordance with Table 1 and Table 2.5. Description of Discontinuities5.1 This section is provided to aid in the identification
12、andclassification of discontinuities. It briefly describes the radio-graphic appearance of those discontinuities in the referenceradiograph adjuncts and indicates their probable cause intitanium. The radiographic appearance of different discontinui-ties can at times be very similar. Therefore, care
13、should always1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 onReference Radiographs.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition a
14、pproved in 2000 as E 1320 - 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM Internati
15、onal Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE132001.4Volumes I and II are available from ASTM International Headquarters as a set.Order Reference Radiographs RRE1320CS.5Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE132002.1Copyright ASTM International, 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.be taken during the process of identification. In extreme casesother methods of identification, either nondestructive or de-structive, may need to be employed to obtain positive identi-fication.5.1.1 GasGas in its var
17、ious forms is usually caused by thereaction of molten titanium with the mold or residual materialleft in the mold. Gas tends to migrate to the upper portions ofthe casting. The formation of clustered or scattered gas holesresults from the generation of larger amounts of gas than asingle gas hole. Wh
18、ether the larger amount of gas spreads outor is confined to a small area is dependent upon a number offactors including casting process, reaction area, solidificationrate, wall thickness, and geometry.5.1.1.1 Gas holeA spherical void formed through therelease and subsequent entrapment of gas during
19、solidification.A gas hole will appear as a dark round spot on the radiograph.5.1.1.2 Clustered gas holesAclosely nested group of darkround voids concentrated within a self-defined boundary area.5.1.1.3 Scattered gas holesMultiple voids appearing asdark round spots on the radiograph. They are randoml
20、y spreadthroughout a part or area of a part to a lesser concentration thanclustered gas holes but with the potential to degrade the castingthrough their interaction which precludes their evaluation on anindividual basis.5.1.2 ShrinkageWhile at times the appearance of shrink-age in titanium may be ra
21、diographically similar to shrinkage insteel, the faster solidification rate of titanium has a dramaticeffect on the conditions under which each shrinkage type willoccur in titanium. Other factors which influence the formationof shrinkage are wall thickness and thickness transition gradi-ents, gate s
22、ize and orientation, mold design, casting configu-ration, metal/mold temperature, and pouring rate and method.All the types of shrinkage described in 5.1.2.1 through 5.1.2.3have a degree of overlap. However, each is most likely to occurunder a specific set of conditions primarily influenced by metal
23、feed, section thickness and cooling rate.5.1.2.1 Scattered shrinkageAppears on a radiograph asdark fine lacy or filamentary voids of varying densities. Thesevoids are usually uniformly spread throughout the area of thecasting where shrinkage is occurring and are relatively shallow.Scattered shrinkag
24、e cavities are most common in wall thick-nesses ranging from18 in. to34 in. 3.175 mm to 19.05 mmbeing more prevalent in the thinner sections of the range.Scattered shrinkage cavities are caused by varying coolingrates in the same area of a casting that can result fromdifferences in wall thickness or
25、 other factors.5.1.2.2 Centerline shrinkageCharacterized by a more dis-crete dark indication than scattered shrinkage. The indicationhas definite borders consisting of a lacy network of varyingdensity or a network of interconnected elongated voids. Cen-terline shrinkage is located primarily in the c
26、enter of thematerial cross section with a tendency to orient toward gates orrisers. It is more common in thickness over14 in. 6.35 mm.5.1.2.3 Shrinkage cavityAppears as a dark void withsmooth sides taking an appearance very similar to a gas hole.A shrinkage cavity, particularly in thicker wall secti
27、ons, isTABLE 1 VOLUME I0 to 1 in.Discontinuity Casting Process AlloyPlateThickness, in.Applicable CastingThickness, in.Gas hole Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V14 up to38Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Clustere
28、d holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V14 up to38Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V12 over14 to58Shr
29、inkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V14 up to38Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram g
30、raphite Ti 6AL 4V14 up to38Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Less dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1More dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.TABLE 2 VOLUM
31、E IIOver 1 in. to 2 in.Discontinuity Casting Process AlloyPlateThickness, in.Applicable CastingThickness, in.Gas hole Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 2Clustered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 to 134 over 1 to 2Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V
32、114 over 1 to 112Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112
33、Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.E1320052usually larger than a single gas hole would be. The cavity isformed during the cooling process due to a lack of feedingmetal. The cavity compensates for the rapid solidificationtaking place at the
34、surface of the casting, thereby forming thecavity in the center area of the wall. Shrinkage cavity has adefinite tendency to occur near hot spots where walls are12 in.12.7 mm thick or more.5.1.3 Less dense inclusionsAppear as dark indications ina variety of shapes and sizes on a radiograph. Inclusio
35、ns maybe found in groups or appear singularly. Less dense inclusionscan be caused by contaminants in the molten titanium, residualmaterials left on the surface of the mold, or broken pieces ofthe mold becoming entrapped during solidification.5.1.4 More dense inclusionsAppear as light indications ina
36、 variety of shapes and sizes on a radiograph. More denseinclusions can be caused by contaminants introduced in thesame manner as less dense inclusions, or tungsten introducedduring weld repairs.6. Method of Preparation6.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunctreference radiographs were
37、 produced on high contrast, finegrained film. The radiographs were made with a penetrametersensitivity as determined by ASTM penetrameters (see GuideE94) of 2-2T. The reproductions of the original radiographshave been made with a density within the range of 2.0 to 2.25.They have retained substantial
38、ly the contrast of the originalradiographs.6.2 In selecting the individual reference radiographs, theaim was to obtain a graduated series for each type ofdiscontinuity. It is not intended that like numbered levels orclasses on the different reference radiograph pages be consid-ered to cause equal de
39、gradation in the ultimate performance, orserviceability, or both, of any particular casting.6.2.1 The criteria used to select the individual radiographsrepresenting each severity level were based on the size, shape,spacing, alignment, and radiographic density of the disconti-nuities present.6.3 In s
40、ome cases, plates other than the thickness indicatedon the reference radiographs were utilized to complete indi-vidual severity levels.6.4 For the discontinuity classifications of gas hole, lessdense inclusions, and more dense inclusions, only one series ofeight gradations is displayed for each. The
41、se gradations areintended to be used over the entire thickness range applicableto the volume. Therefore, careful consideration should be takenwhen specifying allowable severity levels for the thicker wallsizes.6.5 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use
42、. The extent to which theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear
43、and tear, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.7. Basis for Application7.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptanc
44、estandards tailored to the end use of the product. Application ofthese reference radiographs as acceptance standards should bebased on the intended use of the product and the followingconsiderations:7.1.1 An area of like size to that of the reference radiographshall be the unit area by which the pro
45、duction radiograph isevaluated, and any such area shall meet the requirements asdefined for acceptability.7.1.2 Any combination or portion of these reference radio-graphs may be used as is relevant to the particular application.Different grades or acceptance limits may be specified for eachdiscontin
46、uity type. Further, different grades may be specifiedfor various regions or zones of the component.7.1.3 Special consideration may be required where morethan one discontinuity type is present in the same area. Anymodification of the acceptance criteria required on the basis ofmultiple discontinuity
47、types must be specified.7.1.4 Production radiographs containing porosity, gas orinclusions may be rated by the overall condition with regard tosize, number, and distribution. These factors should be consid-ered in balance.7.1.5 As a minimum, the acceptance criteria should containinformation addressi
48、ng: zoning of the part (if applicable),acceptance severity level for each discontinuity type, and thespecific area to which the reference radiographs are to beapplied.NOTE 2Caution should be exercised in specifying the acceptancecriteria to be met in the casting. Casting design coupled with foundryp
49、ractice should be considered. It is advisable to consult with themanufacturer or foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria toensure the desired quality level can be achieved.8. Procedure for Evaluation8.1 Compare the production radiographs of the castingsubmitted for evaluation with the reference radiographs appli-cable to designated wall thickness in accordance with thewritten acceptance criteria.8.2 When the severity level of discontinuities per unit areain the production radiograph being eva
