1、Designation: E1324 11Standard Guide forMeasuring Some Electronic Characteristics of UltrasonicTesting Instruments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1324; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide describes procedures for electronically mea-suring the following performance-related characteristics ofs
3、ome sections of ultrasonic instruments:1.1.1 Power Supply Section:line regulation,battery discharge time, andbattery charge time.1.1.2 Pulser Section:pulse shape,pulse amplitude,pulse rise time, pulse length, andpulse frequency spectrum.1.1.3 Receiver Section:vertical linearity,frequency response,no
4、ise and sensitivity, anddB controls.1.1.4 Time Base Section:horizontal linearity, andclock (pulse repetition rate).1.1.5 Gate/Alarm Section:delay and width,resolution,alarm level,gain uniformity,analog output, andback echo gate.1.2 This guide complements Practice E317, D2548 and isnot intended for e
5、valuating the performance characteristics ofultrasonic testing instruments on the inspection/productionline.NOTE 1No access to internal circuitry is required.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to S
6、I units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
7、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2548 Method of Test for Analysis of Oil Soluble Petro-leum Sulfonates by Liquid Chromatography; Replaced byD 37123E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Ech
8、o Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 10012 Measurement Management SystemsRequirements for Measurement Processes and MeasuringEquipment42.3 ANSI Standard:Z540-1 General Requirements
9、for Calibration Laboratoriesand Measurement and Test Equipment52.4 Other Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on UltrasonicMethod.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August
10、 2011. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1324 - 00(2005).DOI: 10.1520/E1324-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
11、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.or
12、g.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
13、ed States.IEEE Std. 100, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical andElectronics Terms63. Summary of Guide3.1 The electronic performance of each section is measuredby identifying that portion of the electrical circuit of theinstrument which comprises the section, applying the recom-mended stimulus or
14、load, or both, and performing the requiredmeasurements using commercially available electronic testequipment. These data are then summarized in tabular orgraphical form as performance-related values which can becompared with corresponding values of other ultrasonic testinginstruments or of values fo
15、r the same instrument obtainedearlier (see Section 12 for a suggested reporting format).3.2 The following describes the sections of the ultrasonicinstrument and their interrelations during measurement:3.2.1 Power Supply SectionThe power supply section isthat portion of the total instrument circuitry
16、 which supplies theregulated DC voltages required to power all other sections ofthe ultrasonic instrument, including the high voltage (that is,pulser and display voltage) circuitry.3.2.2 Pulser SectionThe pulser section is that portion ofthe total instrument circuitry which generates the electricalp
17、ulse used to energize the ultrasonic search unit. The pulsersection may also include the pulse-shape modification controlssuch as pulse length, damping, or tuning controls.3.2.3 Receiver SectionThe receiver section is that portionof the total instrument circuitry which amplifies, or modifies, orboth
18、, the radio frequency (RF) pulses received from theultrasonic search unit. This includes the RF amplifiers, detec-tors, video amplifiers, suppression and filtering, and the displayvertical deflection circuits. Some instruments may not containall of these circuits.3.2.3.1 Time Variable Gain (TVG), (a
19、lternatively referred toas Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC), Time ControlledGain (TCG), etc.) and reject or threshold, while part of thereceiver section, should be turned off while making measure-ments unless otherwise specified by the user.3.2.4 Gate/Alarm SectionThis section monitors the sig-na
20、ls in the receiver section to detect the presence or absence ofsignificant indications. The gate may include attenuation orgain controls. This section is considered separate from thereceiver section for the purposes of this guide. The alarm signalmay be audible, a voltage proportional to the indicat
21、ionamplitude, or a mark on voltage or current sensitive paper orsome combination of these.3.2.5 Time Base SectionThe time base section providesthe linear horizontal sweep, or baseline. It includes the hori-zontal deflection circuits and the clock and delay circuits thatcontrol repetition rate and po
22、sitioning of signals on thebaseline.4. Significance and Use4.1 The recommended measurement procedures describedin this guide are intended to provide performance-relatedmeasurements that can be reproduced under the specified testconditions using commercially available test instrumentation.These measu
23、rements indicate capabilities of sections of theultrasonic testing instrument independent of specific transduc-ers or examination conditions. Measurements are made fromnormally available connectors or test points so that no access tointernal circuitry is required. Further, this guide is not intended
24、for service, calibration, or maintenance of circuitry for whichthe manufacturers instructions are available. It is intendedprimarily for pulse echo flaw detection instruments operatingin the nominal frequency range of 100 kHz to 25 MHz, but theprocedures are applicable to measurements on instruments
25、utilizing significantly higher frequency components.4.2 These procedures can be applied to the evaluation of anypulse-echo ultrasonic testing instrument which can be de-scribed as a combination of the electronic sections discussed inthis guide.NOTE 2These procedures are not intended to preclude the
26、use orapplication of equipment for which some or all of the measurementtechniques of this document are not applicable.4.3 An ultrasonic testing instrument that cannot be com-pletely described as a combination of the electronic sectionsdiscussed in this practice can be partially evaluated. Eachportio
27、n of the ultrasonic testing instrument that is evaluatedmust fit the description for the corresponding section.4.4 This guide is meant to be used by electronic personnel toevaluate the electronic system components and not the ultra-sonic system characteristics.5. Apparatus5.1 Ultrasonic InstrumentAn
28、y electronic instrument com-prised of a power supply, pulser, clock, receiver, and a sweepand display section to generate, receive, and display electricalsignals related to ultrasonic waves for examination purposes.NOTE 3Some ultrasonic instruments do not include a cathode ray tubedisplay. Some sect
29、ions of this guide may not apply to these instruments,or may be applicable only with modifications. Such modifications shouldbe made only by personnel competent in electronics.5.2 VoltmeterAny instrument(s) capable of measuring theAC line and DC battery voltages required for 7.1 or 7.2.5.3 Variable
30、TransformerAn autotransformer or otherdevice capable of supplying variable AC power to the ultra-sonic instrument over the full range of voltages and waveformsspecified by the manufacturer.5.4 Pulser LoadUnless otherwise requested by the usingparties, the pulser load should be a 50-ohm noninductiver
31、esistor, preferably mounted in a shielded coaxial assembly.The resistor must be able to withstand the maximum peakpulser voltage. The impedance of the resistor should bechecked at the anticipated operating frequency to ensure that itis noninductive. Other impedances may be used if specified.5.5 Spec
32、trum AnalyzerAny spectrum analyzer (and probeassembly if required) that is capable of analyzing the electricalpulse from the pulser module and displaying the frequencycomponents of the pulse as described in 8.3. A recording of thedisplay (photograph or chart recorder) is desirable.6Available from In
33、stitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331E1324 1125.6 ProbeA wide band high input impedance ($10 kV)attenuating (1003 or 503) probe to reduce the pulse ampli-tude, as delivered to the oscilloscope and the spectrum ana-lyzer, t
34、o a level that (a) will not harm the equipment and (b)will allow for frequency and time analysis without significantlyaltering the pulse shape. The probe output impedance shouldmatch the input impedance of the measurement instrument. (Ifthe impedance is high, a terminating resistance may berequired
35、at the input to match the output impedance of theprobe.) The frequency bandwidth should be at least as wide asthat of the measuring instruments. The probe must be able towithstand the pulser output voltage.NOTE 4More than one probe may be needed to match the various testinstruments used.5.7 Function
36、 GeneratorThe function generator should becapable of producing a single-cycle sine wave or a five-cyclesine wave burst (as required in 9.1.3, 9.2.3, 9.3.1, 10.1.1, and11.1), the frequency of which is variable over the range of thefrequency capabilities of the ultrasonic instrument. The fre-quency re
37、ad-out should be accurate to 1.0 %. It must becapable of being triggered from a signal derived from theinstrument clock to provide wave trains coherent with thedisplay. An adjustable delay of at least 10 s is required.5.7.1 A free-running (that is, non-triggered) single-cyclesine wave may not be use
38、d for receiver evaluation.5.8 Calibrated OscilloscopeThe oscilloscope should becapable of displaying all portions of the pulser output withsufficient timebase expansion, triggering capability, and fre-quency response to enable measurement of the pulse rise time,amplitude, and duration, as well as fu
39、lfilling the requirementsof other measurements.5.9 Calibrated AttenuatorThe attenuator should provide ameasuring range of 60 dB in 1 dB steps with an accuracywithin 60.5 dB and have a frequency bandwidth at least aswide as the highest frequency of interest. Most attenuatorshave a nominal input and o
40、utput impedance of 50 V, but otherimpedances may be specified. Proper termination rules must beobserved. An impedance matching probe should be used toprotect the attenuator if it is to be used to reduce pulse output.5.10 TerminatorsTerminators are used to match the im-pedances of instruments and cab
41、les used (see 5.4.). Theyshould be non-inductive, feed-through style.5.11 CablesCables should be coaxial, with maximumlength of 6 ft (2 m) and a 50-ohm characteristic impedance.Other lengths, or impedances, or both, may be used if autho-rized, but lengths should be kept as short as possible tominimi
42、ze the effects of cable capacitance on measurements.5.12 Search UnitAn ultrasonic search unit of the desiredtype, size, and frequency required for the procedures and testblock selected for 5.14, 7.1.1, 7.2.1, 10.2,or10.3.5.13 Immersion Tank (Optional)An ultrasonic immersionsystem that will enable co
43、ntinuous variation of the distancebetween the ultrasonic search unit and a reflector over a waterpath range that will provide a time range comparable to the enduse of the ultrasonic instrument. A distance (position) scale ofprecision needed for the procedure in 10.2 must be incorpo-rated.5.14 Test B
44、lockAblock of any suitable material which canbe used to provide ultrasonic echo signals.5.15 Camera or RecorderThis is particularly helpful inmeasuring pulse characteristics, and is useful in making othermeasurements.6. Precautions and Limitations6.1 This guide describes procedures that are applicab
45、le tolaboratory measurement conditions using, in most instances,commercially available electronic test equipment.6.2 This guide is not intended, nor is it applicable, as aspecification defining the performance of ultrasonic testingsystems. If such performance criteria are required, they must beagree
46、d upon by the using parties.6.3 Implementation of this guide may require more detailedprocedural instructions. Competence in the use of the elec-tronic measurement instrumentation specified is a prerequisitefor effective use of these procedures.6.4 Careful selection of the specific measurements to b
47、emade is recommended. If the related parameter is not relevantto the intended application, its measurement may be unneces-sary. For example, vertical linearity may be irrelevant for anapplication using a single-level flaw alarm, while horizontallinearity might be required only for accurate flaw-dept
48、h orthickness measurement from the instrument screen.6.5 No minimum interval between instrument evaluations isrecommended or implied.6.6 The accuracy of each measurement is dependent uponthe combined accuracies of each of the electronic measuringinstruments (which should be described in the specific
49、ationsand calibrations for these instruments), and the precisionsassociated with reading the values of each part of the measure-ment system. It is assumed that the precision of measuring thevertical and horizontal values from the ultrasonic instrumentscreen is 60.04 in. (61 mm).6.7 All measuring instrumentation should have current cali-bration certificates. A calibration control system, such as thatdescribed in ISO 10012 or ANSI Z540-1, is suggested.7. Power-Supply Section Measurements7.1 AC-Powered Instrument Line Regulation:7.1.1 Connect the variable tr
