1、Designation: E 1396 90 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forSensory Evaluation of Oleoresin Capsicum1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes standardized procedures forthe sensory evaluation of heat in oleoresin capsicums rangingfrom 100
3、 000 to 1 000 000 Scoville heat units (S.H.U.).1.2 This test method is intended as an alternative to theScoville heat test, but results can be expressed in Scoville heatunits (see ASTA Method 21.0 and ISO 3513).1.3 This test method does not apply for ground red pepper,low heat chili peppers, or chil
4、i powder.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
5、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 1083 Test Method for Sensory Evaluation of Red PepperHeat22.2 ASTA Standard:ASTA Method 21.0 Official Analytical Methods32.3 ISO Standa
6、rd:ISO 3513-1977 (E), Spices and Condiments-Chilies-Determination of Scoville Index42.4 AOAC Method:Official Methods of Association of Official Analytical Chem-ists International (1996) 995.03 (43.1.43)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 approaching strong heatN-va
7、nillyl-n-nonamide,1.30 ppm. This is 13.0 cm on the 15-cm line scale. It is unusualto see an oleoresin stronger than this. But in the event that apepper with more than expected heat is tested, there remainsthe last 2 cm on the 15-cm line scale.3.1.2 moderate heatN-vanillyl-n-nonamide, 0.80 ppm.This i
8、s a“ moderate” amount of pepper heat. It reads 10 cm onthe 15-cm line scale.3.1.3 rinseto purge the oral cavity with unsalted sodacrackers and 20C spring or distilled water by slowly chewingand swallowing the cracker, followed by swirling the wateraround in the mouth and swallowing. This procedure i
9、srepeated as often as is natural and comfortable for the panelist.3.1.4 Scoville heat units (S.H.U.)the commonly acceptedunit for expressing heat levels in capsicum products (see TestMethod E 1083 and ASTA Method 21.0). Scoville heat unitsrange from 0 to 1 500 000.3.1.5 slight heatN-vanillyl-n-nonam
10、ide, 0.40 ppm. This isa“ slight” amount of pepper heat. It reads 5 cm on the 15-cmline scale.3.1.6 strong heatbest defined by concept. Hotter than the1.30-ppm N-vanillyl-n-nonamide sample. It reads 15 cm on the15-cm line scale.3.1.7 threshold heatbest defined by concept rather than bya standard dilu
11、tion of N-vanillyl-n-nonamide. Threshold is thatpoint where a panelist just barely senses burn/heat. It reads1.25 cm on the 15-cm line scale.3.1.8 zero heatN-vanillyl-n-nonamide, 0 ppm. No sensoryheat. It reads 0 cm on the line scale.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Oleoresin capsicum is steeped in hot
12、water withpolysorbate-80 or polysorbate-60 for 3 min, filtered, and thefiltrate diluted in room temperature water. Trained panelistscompare the heat in the pepper extract to a known concentra-tion of a standard solution of synthetic capsaicin (N-vanillyl-n-nonamide) using a 15-cm line scale. The tas
13、ting procedure istimed and takes 2 min for one test sample and 9 min for twotest samples.5This test method is a minor variation on theground red pepper sensory method.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on SensoryEvaluation of Materials and Products and is the direct re
14、sponsibility of Subcom-mittee E18.06 on Food and Beverage Evaluation.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1396 90 (1997)e2.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Spice Trade Association, Box 1267, EnglewoodCliffs, NJ 07632.4Available from American National Standards Institute
16、(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Gillette, M. H., Appel, C. E., and Lego, M., “A New Method for the SensoryEvaluation of Red Pepper Heat,” Journal of Food and Science, Vol 49, No. 4, 1984,p. 1028.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
17、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Panelists are screened for their accuracy and precisionand trained to use the 15-cm line scale during two to three15-min training sessions.4.3 Standard general requirements for sensory testing fol-lows.45. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides quick an
18、d accurate ratings forthe sensory heat in oleoresin capsicums ranging from 100 000to 1 000 000 Scoville heat units.5.2 Sensory results from this test method correlate highly(r2= 0.94) with results from high pressure liquid chromatog-raphy; making the two methods substitutable.66. Apparatus6.1 Magnet
19、ic Hot Plate Stirrers, two.6.2 Beakers, 600-mL, four.6.3 Small Beaker, 50 to 100 mL.6.4 Analytical Balance, capacity greater than 300 g, sensi-tive to 0.01 g.6.5 Volumetric Flasks, 1000-mL stoppered, two.6.6 Stopwatch.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Coffee Filter Papers, or low flavor qualitative filte
20、rpaper.7.2 Medicine Cups.7.3 Unsalted Soda Crackers, unsalted tops.7.4 Water, bottled, distilled, or deionized when available, orstill spring water.7.5 Polysorbate-80 or Polysorbate-60, food grade.7.6 Rating Forms, 15-cm line scale anchored at 0 (none),1.25 cm (threshold), 5 cm (slight), 10 cm (mode
21、rate), 15 cm(strong); see Appendix X1.7.7 N-vanillyl-n-nonamide, available from Penta Interna-tional (some restrictions apply).8. Precautions8.1 Pure N-vanillyl-n-nonamide will burn the eyes and skinupon direct contact. Gloves and caution must be used whenhandling N-vanillyl-n-nonamide in the crysta
22、lline form.9. Calibration and Standardization of Panelists9.1 Select ten to twelve panelists based on availability,attitude, and motivation of panelists. Screening for tastesensitivity is not necessary.9.2 Prepare stock solution of N-vanillyl-n-nonamide (see10.1.2).9.3 Dilute the stock solution of N
23、-vanillyl-n-nonamide tothe following concentrations:9.3.1 N-vanillyl-n-nonamide, 0 ppmAdd none of thestock solution to 200 mL of water.9.3.2 N-vanillyl-n-nonamide, 0.40 ppmDilute 13.4 g ofstock solution to 200 mL with water.9.3.3 N-vanillyl-n-nonamide, 0.80 ppmDilute 26.8 g ofthe stock solution to 2
24、00 mL with water.9.3.4 N-vanillyl-n-nonamide, 1.30 ppmDilute 43.3 g ofthe stock solution to 200 mL with water.9.4 Session 1 (15 min)Brief the panelists on the purposeof this test method. The purpose of the first session is tostandardize their tongues and mouth to the reference standardswith respect
25、to the 15-cm line scale on the ballot (see Fig. 1).Explain to the panelists that they may use any of the infinitenumber of points on the line scale to describe how hot a givensample is. Panelists will taste (see 10.2.3.1-10.2.3.3) the codedstandard dilutions prepared, evaluate them critically, conce
26、n-trating and memorizing their individual sensory heat levels.Panelists rinse well between samples with unsalted sodacrackers and spring or distilled water for 2 min (they aretimed). After the standards have been tasted, the correct ratingfor each reference standard is given. A new set of labeledsta
27、ndard dilutions is presented to the panelists to review.Definitions for “0,” “threshold,” “slight,” “moderate,” “ap-proaching strong,” and “strong” are provided. Refer to 3.1.1,3.1.2, 3.1.6, 3.1.7, and 3.1.8.9.5 Session 2 (15 min)This session should follow the firsttraining session by one to two day
28、s. During this session, thepanelists will be both trained and tested. Explain to thepanelists how they will be evaluating the actual red pepper testsamples. Explain the entire tasting procedure as follows:9.5.1 Panelists are served 10-mL portions of each of twosamples in coded medicine cups. The con
29、trol (0.4-ppmN-vanillyl-n-nonamide) is always served first, coded “C.” Thetest sample is served second, with a random two-letter code.Two sets of samples are evaluated per sitting. The tastingprocedure is described in 10.2.3.9.5.2 For this second training session, the panelists areserved the “contro
30、l” first, coded “C,” then a test sample codedwith a random two letter code. They will evaluate two sets ofsamples:9.5.2.1 Control and 0.80 ppm N-vanillyl-n-nonamide.9.5.2.2 Control and 0.40 ppm N-vanillyl-n-nonamide (thesame as the control).9.5.2.3 Do not tell the panelists what the test samples are
31、.After learning the standard heat intensities during Session 1,6Hoffman, P. G., Salb, M. C., and Galetto, W. G., “Separation and Quantitationof Red Pepper Heat Principles by Reverse Phase HPLC,” Journal of Agriculturaland Food Chemistry, Vol 31, No. 6, Oct. 1983, p. 1326. FIG. 1 Oleoresin Capsicum H
32、eat Sensory versus HPLCE 1396 90 (2004)2they theoretically should rate the 0.80-ppm sample at “moder-ate” and the 0.40-ppm sample at “slight” on the line scale.A2-cm variation from the desired response is acceptable. Thepanel, as a whole, should also be within 2 cm of the desiredresponse. If not, an
33、other training session must be conducted.After the session, advise the panelists about the sampleidentities and the expected ratings for them. Panelists mustreproduce their judgment within 2 cm of the desired response.A minimum of five panelists should pass for the formal testing.Repeat training unt
34、il this is achieved (approximately threetraining sessions).9.5.2.4 End the training session by giving the panelists asample of oleoresin capsicum to acquaint panelists with theflavor of chili peppers (not present in the standards).10. Procedure10.1 Sample Preparation:10.1.1 Sample preparation proced
35、ures are itemized in aquick reference chart (see Appendix X1).10.1.2 Evaluate two samples per test: (1) a known control(0.40 ppm dilution of N-vanillyl-n-nonamide) prepared fromthe stock solution; and (2) the unknown oleoresin capsicum.Preparation of the two samples is as follows:10.1.3 Prepare the
36、“stock” solution of N-vanillyln-nonamide (6 ppm N-vanillyl-n-nonamide and 200 ppmpolysorbate-80 or polysorbate-60) by diluting N-vanillyl-n-nonamide and polysorbate-80 or polysorbate-60 in spring ordistilled water. Keep this solution stoppered and refrigeratedfor the duration of the test series. It
37、will remain stable for 2 to3 weeks. Check regularly for precipitation of N-vanillyl-n-nonamide. To make the stock solution, weigh 0.60 gN-vanillyl-n-nonamide and 20 g of polysorbate-80 orpolysorbate-60 into a small beaker (50 mL). Heat the mixtureon a hot plate (low setting) for a minimum of 10 min
38、todissolve N-vanillyl-n-nonamide. Quantitatively transfer theheated mixture into a 1-L volumetric flask using hot (about70C) spring or distilled water. Cool to room temperature.Dilute the transferred solution to 1 L using room temperature(20C) spring or distilled water. Dilute 10 g of this solution
39、to1 L in a second 1-L volumetric flask. Stopper and refrigerate.Final concentrations equal 6 ppm N-vanillyl-n-nonamide, 200ppm polysorbate-80 or polysorbate-60. This is a “stock solu-tion.”10.1.4 For each test, dilute the stock solution of N-vanillyl-n-nonamide to 0.40 ppm N-vanillyl-n-nonamide and
40、13.3 ppmpolysorbate-80 or polysorbate-60 in 20C spring or distilledwater by diluting 13.4 g of the stock solution to 200 mL withroom temperature water. This diluted solution is referred to asthe “control” for each test.10.1.5 Oleoresin Capsicum SamplesOn the day of thetest, add 0.1 g of the oleoresi
41、n sample directly to 0.2 g ofpolysorbate-80 or polysorbate-60 and heated at 200C for 1min in a 600-mL beaker, diluted to 400 mL with 70C springor distilled water and place on the preheated (medium heat;200C) hot plate stirrer on medium stir speed for 2 min. Dilute5 mL of the extract to 200 mL using
42、20C spring or distilledwater. Final concentration of the extracted and diluted solutionis 6.25 ppm oleoresin and 12.5 ppm polysorbate-80 orpolysorbate-60.10.2 Sample Presentation:10.2.1 A round or conference table is preferred, but boothsmay be used as long as all panelists are able to be “monitored
43、”by the panel leader. Conduct the test with all five to ten trainedpanelists simultaneously as the process is timed by the panelleader (if a panelist misses a panel, he/she must also be timedduring his/her “make-up” test). Red lights are recommended tomask color differences.10.2.2 Serve panelists 10
44、-mL portions of each sample incoded medicine cups. Serving temperature should be at roomtemperature and equal for all samples. The control is alwaysserved first, coded “C.” The test sample is served second, witha random two-digit code. Evaluate two sets of samples (controland test sample) per sittin
45、g. Use a 15-cm line scale anchored at0 cm (0 heat), 1.25 cm (threshold heat), 5.0 cm (slight heat),10.0 cm (moderate heat), and 15 cm (strong heat) (see X1.2).Use a separate scale for each set of samples. Order ofpresentation of the sample sets should be balanced to avoidposition bias.10.2.3 The tes
46、ting procedure is as follows:10.2.3.1 Rinse before first sample (control) with unsaltedsoda cracker and 20C spring or distilled water, or both. Allow15 s between rinsing and sampling.10.2.3.2 Evaluating left to right, take entire first sample(control) in mouth, hold for about 5 s, swallow slowly.10.
47、2.3.3 Wait 30 s (timed) from initial intake keeping mouthclosed.10.2.3.4 Rate first sample at “slight” on ballot.10.2.3.5 Alternately rinse with 20C spring or distilledwater and chew on an unsalted soda cracker during a 60-sinterval (timed).10.2.3.6 Rinse with 20C spring water immediately prior tose
48、cond sample. Allow 15 s between rinsing and sampling.10.2.3.7 Take entire second sample (test sample) in mouth,hold for about 5 s, swallow slowly.10.2.3.8 Wait 30 s (timed), keeping mouth closed.10.2.3.9 Rate second sample.10.2.3.10 Panel dismissed if only one test sample is to beevaluated.10.2.3.11
49、 If two test samples are to be evaluated, wait 5 min(timed). Rinse well with spring or distilled water and unsaltedcrackers during this time.10.2.3.12 Repeat 10.2.3.1-10.2.3.9 for the second set ofsamples.10.2.4 Note that the control is rated before each test sample.11. Interpretation of Results11.1 Sensory heat ratings are obtained by measuring thedistance (in centimetres to the first decimal place) from the lefthand side of the scale (0) to the mark placed on the ballot foreach sample. Values range from 0.0 to 15.0, as the scale is 15cm long.11.2 Individua
