1、Designation: E1417/E1417M 111E1417/E1417M 13Standard Practice forLiquid Penetrant Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1 NOTECorrections were editorially made throughout the standard
3、in March 2012.1. Scope*1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal, andnonmetal components.NOTE 1This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this practice are applicable to in-proce
4、ss, final, and maintenance(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion,cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or connected to the surface of the component under examination.1.3 Caution must be exercis
5、ed in the usage of elevated temperature with components manufactured from thermoplasticmaterials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as plastics.Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to ensure that none of the cleanin
6、g or examination materials are harmful to thecomponents to be examined.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the
7、other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, orspecific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.1.6 This standard does
8、 not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The followin
9、g documents form a part of this practice to the extent specified herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by DistillationD2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-Fail Techniqu
10、es)D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric KarlFischer TitrationE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE1135 Test Method for Compari
11、ng the Brightness of Fluorescent PenetrantsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2297 Guide for Use of UV-AandVisible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testi
12、ng and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid Penetrantand Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2011June 1, 2013. Published September 2011June 2013. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asE1417 05E1417/E1417M 111. DOI:
13、10.1520/E1417_E1417M-11E01. 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This docu
14、ment is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as
15、appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United
16、 States12.3 ASNT Standards:3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelSNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing2.4 Military Standards:4, 5MIL-STD-792 Identification Marking Requirement
17、s for Special Purpose ComponentsQPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection Material, PenetrantMIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards:6ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 General Requirement for Calibration Laboratories and Measuring Test EquipmentISO 10012 Measurement Management
18、SystemsRequirements for Measuring Measurement Process and Measuring EquipmentNAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel2.6 SAE Standard:7AMS 2644 Inspection Material, PenetrantAMS 2175A Castings, Classification and Inspection of2.7 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specifie
19、d, the issues of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the issueof the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.8 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict between the text of this practice and the references cited herein, th
20、e text ofthis practice takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examination that appears in Terminology E1316 shall apply to the terms usedin this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aerospaceany component that wi
21、ll be installed on a system that flies.3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization (CEO)Reference Terminology Standard E1316.3.2.3 componentthe part(s) or element(s) of a system described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by thedrawing.3.2.4 final examinationthe final examination perform
22、ed for the acceptance of the item.Any change to the items surface suchas machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or etching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may render the previousexamination invalid, requiring reexamination of all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the cont
23、ract.3.2.5 in-processthat which occurs during manufacturing before a component is in final form.3.2.6 in-servicerefers to components that are in use or storage for their intended function.3.2.7 linear indicationpenetrant indications with at least a three to one length to width ratio.3.2.8 reprocessr
24、epeat, after cleaning, the application and appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required), anddeveloper (as required).3.2.9 rounded indicationpenetrant indication whose length to width ratio is less than three-to-one.3.2.10 supplierthe organization contracted to supply the material, p
25、arts, or assembly.3.2.11 turbine engine critical componentsany component on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as “critical.”4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This practiceis written so
26、 it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to beused by the inspector and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the requirements of thispractice. Specification E165 contains information to hel
27、p develop detailed requirements.3 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by manufacturers in connection with specific
28、 acquisition functions should be obtained from thecontracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.5 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.6 Available from American Natio
29、nal Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.7 Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.E1417/E1417M 1325. Classification5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are classi
30、fied in accordance with the material classification contained inAMS2644. Penetrant systems covered by this practice shall be of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels:5.1.1 Type:5.1.1.1 Type IFluorescent dye.5.1.1.2 Type IIVisible dye.5.1.2 Method:5.1.2.1 Method AWater washable.5.1.2.2
31、 Method BPost-emulsifiable, lipophilic.5.1.2.3 Method CSolvent-removable.5.1.2.4 Method DPost-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.5.1.3 Sensitivity(These levels apply to Type I penetrant systems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a single sensitivityand it is not represented by any of the levels listed
32、 as follows):5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level 12 Very low.5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1Low.5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2Medium.5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3High.5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4Ultrahigh.5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:5.2.1 Form aDry powder.5.2.2 Form bWater-soluble.5.2.3 Form cWater-s
33、uspendable.5.2.4 Form dNonaqueous for Type I fluorescent penetrant.5.2.5 Form eNonaqueous for Type II visible dye.5.2.6 Form fSpecific application.5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:5.3.1 Class 1Halogenated.5.3.2 Class 2Nonhalogenated.5.3.3 Class 3Specific application.6. General
34、Practices6.1 Responsibility for ExaminationUnless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant engineeringorganization is responsible for the performance of all examination requirements as specified herein. The cognizant engineeringorganization may specify more stringent requ
35、irements than the minimum specified in this practice when necessary to ensure thata component meets its functional and reliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the supplier may utilize his ownfacilities or any other facilities suitable for the performance of the examination requireme
36、nts specified herein. The purchaserreserves the right to perform any of the examinations set forth in this practice where such examinations are deemed necessary toensure that supplies and services conform to prescribed requirements.6.2 SpecifyingWhen examination is required in accordance with this p
37、ractice the orders, contracts, or other appropriatedocuments shall specify the criteria by which the acceptability of components is to be evaluated. Engineering drawings or otherapplicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may be used. Examination on a
38、sampling basis shall not be allowed unless specifically permitted by the contract.6.3 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified and certified in accordancewith ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 or NAS 410 for military purposes
39、, or as specified in thecontract or purchase order.6.4 Agency QualificationThe agency performing this practice may be evaluated in accordance with Specification E543.6.5 Materials:6.5.1 Qualified MaterialsOnly materials listed or approved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference AMS 2644) shall beutil
40、ized for penetrant examination. Materials not conforming to the requirements of AMS 2644 may be used only when a waiveris obtained from the cognizant engineering organization.6.5.2 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible MaterialsPenetrant materials tested in accordance with Test Method D2512 andpassing at 7
41、0 ftlbf 95 J or higher, shall be used on LOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-cleaned. Use of thesematerials shall be in accordance with the material supplier instructions and shall require approval of the cognizant engineeringorganization when such materials do not meet the requiremen
42、ts of AMS 2644.E1417/E1417M 1336.6 Equipment and FacilitiesProcessing equipment used in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed andarranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. The equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safetyrequirements as well as the requir
43、ements specified herein.6.6.1 Viewing AreasAreas where parts are reviewed shall be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II, thelighting system shall provide at least 100 fc 1076 lx of visible light when measured at the examination surface. For stationaryfluorescent dye examinat
44、ion, Type I, the ambient visible light background shall not exceed 2 fc 21.5 lx at the examination surface.The black lights shall provide a minimum of 1000 W/cm2 at the examination surface. Black lights shall meet the requirementsof 7.8.4.1. Viewing areas for portable fluorescent dye examination sha
45、ll utilize dark canvas, photographers black cloth, or othermethods to reduce the visible light background to the lowest possible level during examination and black light intensity shall meetthe above requirements.6.6.1.1 Where lamps are physically too large to directly illuminate the examination sur
46、face, special lighting, such as UV pencillights, or UV light guides, or remote visual examination equipment shall be used. When using a borescope, the image viewed musthave sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate the indication. Light intensity shall be measured at the expected working distanc
47、eand shall be a minimum 1000 W/cm2.6.6.2 Drying OvenWhen components are oven dried, the dryer must be a forced-air recirculating type. In automated systems,where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air, the travel speed of the system shall be such as to preclude overdrying of parts.The forced
48、 air does not have to be recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. The temperature shall be controlledwith a calibrated device capable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615F 8.3C of the temperature for which it is set. Theoven shall not exceed 160F 71C. The temperature indicat
49、or shall be accurate to 610F 5.6C of the actual oven temperature.6.7 Written ProceduresAll liquid penetrant examination procedures are similar for many components, a master writtenprocedure may be utilized that covers the details common to a variety of components. All written procedures, including techniquesheets for specific parts shall be approved by an individual who is a qualified and certified Level III for penetrant examination inaccordance with the requirements of 6.3. As a minimum, the foll
