ASTM E1476-2004(2010) Standard Guide for Metals Identification Grade Verification and Sorting《金属识别 定级 和分类的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E1476 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forMetals Identification, Grade Verification, and Sorting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1476; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for tutorial purposes only. Itdescribes the general requirements, methods, and proceduresfor th
3、e nondestructive identification and sorting of metals.1.2 It provides guidelines for the selection and use ofmethods suited to the requirements of particular metals sortingor identification problems.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
4、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 10.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E158 Practice for F
5、undamental Calculations to ConvertIntensities into Concentrations in Optical Emission Spec-trochemical Analysis3E305 Practice for Establishing and Controlling AtomicEmission Spectrochemical Analytical CurvesE322 Test Method for X-Ray Emission SpectrometricAnalysis of Low-Alloy Steels and Cast IronsE
6、566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sortingof Ferrous MetalsE572 Test Method forAnalysis of Stainless andAlloy Steelsby X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryE703 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sortingof Nonferrous MetalsE977 Practice for Thermoelectric Sorting of ElectricallyCondu
7、ctive MaterialsF355 Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Playing Sur-face Systems and MaterialsF1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Protec-tion Systems (Discontinued 2001)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this guide are defined in thestandards cited in Section 2 and in curren
8、t technical literatureor dictionaries; however, because a number of terms that areused generally in nondestructive testing have meanings orcarry implications unique to metal sorting, they appear withexplanation in Appendix X1.4. Significance and Use4.1 A major concern of metals producers, warehouses
9、, andusers is to establish and maintain the identity of metals frommelting to their final application. This involves the use ofstandard quality assurance practices and procedures throughoutthe various stages of manufacturing and processing, at ware-houses and materials receiving, and during fabricat
10、ion and finalinstallation of the product. These practices typically involvestandard chemical analyses and physical tests to meet productacceptance standards, which are slow. Several pieces from aproduction run are usually destroyed or rendered unusablethrough mechanical and chemical testing, and the
11、 results areused to assess the entire lot using statistical methods. Statisticalquality assurance methods are usually effective; however,mixed grades, off-chemistry, and nonstandard physical proper-ties remain the primary causes for claims in the metalsindustry. A more comprehensive verification of
12、product prop-erties is necessary. Nondestructive means are available tosupplement conventional metals grade verification techniques,and to monitor chemical and physical properties at selectedproduction stages, in order to assist in maintaining the identi-ties of metals and their consistency in mecha
13、nical properties.4.2 Nondestructive methods have the potential for monitor-ing grade during production on a continuous or statistical basis,for monitoring properties such as hardness and case depth, andfor verifying the effectiveness of heat treatment, cold-working,and the like. They are quite often
14、 used in the field for solvingproblems involving off-grade and mixed-grade materials.4.3 The nondestructive methods covered in this guide pro-vide both direct and indirect responses to the sample beingevaluated. Spectrometric analysis instruments respond to thepresence and percents of alloying const
15、ituents. The electro-magnetic (eddy current) and thermoelectric methods, on the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on SpecializedNDT Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published Nov
16、ember 2010. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1476 - 04. DOI:10.1520/E1476-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
17、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.other hand, are among those that
18、respond to properties in thesample that are affected by chemistry and processing, and theyyield indirect information on composition and mechanicalproperties. In this guide, the spectrometric methods are classi-fied as quantitative, whereas the methods that yield indirectreadings are termed qualitati
19、ve.4.4 This guide describes a variety of qualitative and quan-titative methods. It summarizes the operating principles of eachmethod, provides guidance on where and how each may beapplied, gives (when applicable) the precision and bias thatmay be expected, and assists the investigator in selecting t
20、hebest candidates for specific grade verification or sorting prob-lems.4.5 For the purposes of this guide, the term “nondestruc-tive” includes techniques that may require the removal of smallamounts of metal during the examination, without affecting theserviceability of the product.4.6 The nondestru
21、ctive methods covered in this guide pro-vide quantitative and qualitative information on metals prop-erties; they are listed as follows:4.6.1 Quantitative:4.6.1.1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and4.6.1.2 Optical emission spectrometry.4.6.2 Qualitative:4.6.2.1 Electromagnetic (eddy current),4.6.2.
22、2 Conductivity/resistivity,4.6.2.3 Thermoelectric,4.6.2.4 Chemical spot tests,4.6.2.5 Triboelectric, and4.6.2.6 Spark testing (special case).5. Background5.1 The standard quality assurance procedures for verifyingthe composition and physical properties of a metal at aproducing facility are through c
23、hemical analysis and mechani-cal testing. These required tests result in the sacrifice of acertain amount of production for the preparation of samples,are costly and time-consuming, and may not provide timelyinformation regarding changes in product quality. In a marketin which a single failure can r
24、esult in heavy litigation anddamage costs, the manufacturer requires assurance that hisproduction will meet the customers acceptance standards.Nondestructive grade verification provides one means of moni-toring production to ensure that the product will meet accep-tance requirements.5.2 Nondestructi
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