1、Designation: E1494 18Standard Practice forTesting Physical Properties of Friable Surfacing Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers encapsulants intended to reduce oreliminate the release of asbestos fibers from a matrix of friablespray- or
3、 trowel-applied asbestos-containing surfacing mate-rial.1.2 This practice includes a series of determinations to beconducted in the field on asbestos abatement projects for whichencapsulation is being considered or has been performed.1.3 This practice is to be used to determine the appropriate-ness
4、of encapsulation as an abatement measure in accordancewith Practice E1368, as part of a Project Design Survey inaccordance with Practice E2356, and to demonstrate complete-ness of abatement in accordance with Practice E1368. Perfor-mance of the encapsulated surfacing material for other pur-poses is
5、not within the scope of this practice. Use Test MethodsE84, E119, and E605 to determine other properties of thematerial.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion
6、only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability o
7、f regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 WarningAsbestos fibers are acknowledged carcino-gens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of thelungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.2Precautions in this standard practice should be taken to avoidcreating and breathing airbor
8、ne particles from materials knownor suspected to contain asbestos. See 2.3 for regulatoryrequirements addressing asbestos.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevel
9、opment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Buil
10、ding Constructionand MaterialsE605 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of SprayedFire-Resistive Material (SFRM) Applied to StructuralMembersE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE736 Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials Applied to Structural MembersE1368 Pract
11、ice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos AbatementProjectsE2356 Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Sur-veys2.2 Other Standards:1-GP-205M2003 Sealer for Application to Asbestos-FiberReleasing Materials42.3 EPA and OSHA Regulations:40 CFR Part 763 Subpart E, Appendix C (Model Accredita-tion Pla
12、n) Environmental Protection Agency, February 3,1994529 CFR1926.1101 Occupational Exposure toAsbestos (Con-struction Industry Standard), Occupational Safety andHealth Administration, August 10, 199461This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM D22 on Air Quality and is thedirect responsibility of
13、 Subcommittee D22.07 on Sampling and Analysis ofAsbestos.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1494 12. DOI: 10.1520/E1494-18.2“Elimination of Asbestos-Related Diseases,” World Health Organization, Sep-tembe
14、r 2006.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB
15、), 11 Laurier St.,Phase III, Place du Portage, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0S5, Canada, http:/www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb.5Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.6Available fro
16、m Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with int
17、ernationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions o
18、f building terms, refer toTerminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bridging encapsulant, nan encapsulant that forms adiscrete layer on the surface of an in situ asbestos matrix.3.2.2 encapsulant, n for friable asbestos-containingbuilding materials, a water insoluble
19、material that surrounds orembeds asbestos in an adhesive matrix to prevent release offibers.3.2.3 encapsulation, nthe process of applying an encap-sulant.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe terms encapsulation and encapsu-lant are frequently used to describe the post-removal operationon abatement projects to inhi
20、bit the release of fibers from anabated surface. Although the material used for this purposemay be an encapsulant as defined herein, the proper terms aresealer and lock-down. See Practice E1368.3.2.4 disturbance, nactivities that disrupt the matrix ofasbestos-containing materials, crumble or pulveri
21、ze asbestos-containing materials, or generate visible debris from asbestos-containing materials.3.2.5 load, nforce per unit area (kPa or lbf/ft2) applied tothe matrix of the surfacing material, with the area equal to thatof the interface between the material and the disc or lid holdingthe adhesive.3
22、.2.6 penetrating encapsulant, nan encapsulant that isabsorbed by an in situ asbestos matrix without leaving adiscrete surface layer.3.2.7 substrate, na structural or architectural buildingcomponent to which a surfacing material is applied.3.2.8 surfacing material, nmaterial that is sprayed,troweled-
23、on, or otherwise applied to interior and exteriorstructural and architectural surfaces, including but not limitedto fireproofing, plaster, and sound-proofing.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide test methodsand performance criteria involving encapsulants for surfacin
24、gmaterial on an asbestos abatement project in accordance withPractice E1368, including the application of encapsulants tothe surfacing material as an abatement measure and theremoval of existing encapsulated surfacing material.4.1.1 Abatement projects involving application of encapsu-lants require c
25、overage, penetration, and cohesion/adhesiontests to determine encapsulation requirements during projectdesign, on test patches, and at conclusion of the project todetermine completeness of abatement.4.1.2 Removal projects requires penetration tests duringproject design on test patches to determine t
26、hicknesses ofencapsulated and un-encapsulated surfacing material.4.2 The test methods and performance criteria described inthis practice may also be used during a Project Design Surveyin accordance with Practice E2356 to provide information forpreparing the plans and specifications for applying or r
27、emovingthe encapsulated surfacing material.4.3 Asbestos-containing surfacing materials installed inbuildings may include fireproofing, acoustical and decorativeplaster, and soundproofing. Properties not directly addressed inthis practice may be important and appropriate test methodsshould be conside
28、red. See Test Methods E84, E119, and E605,and 1-GP-205M2003.4.4 The test methods described in this practice are designedto (1) determine the depth of penetration, or lack thereof, of theencapsulant into the matrix of the surfacing material, (2)determine the coverage of the encapsulant on the surfaci
29、ngmaterial, and (3) to determine the adhesive and cohesiveproperties of the encapsulated surfacing material.4.5 Compliance with the acceptance criteria in this practiceand with referenced specifications does not guarantee that theabatement project will pass the visual inspection for complete-ness of
30、 clean-up in Practice E1368, or that the project will passfinal air sampling for clearance, as other factors besidesencapsulant performance affect these outcomes.5. Qualifications5.1 The test methods in this practice require disturbance ofasbestos-containing materials. Activities that disturb asbest
31、os-containing materials are subject to regulations of the Occupa-tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA), and other jurisdictionsincluding certain state agencies.5.2 The test method described in AnnexA1 to determine theadhesive and cohesive properti
32、es of encapsulated surfacingmaterial can result in a release of asbestos-containing debris.Persons conducting this test must have the appropriate creden-tials and training to clean up the debris.5.3 The test method described in Annex A2 to determinedepth of penetration requires taking core samples o
33、f theencapsulated surfacing material. This activity requires accredi-tation as an asbestos inspector according to the EPA ModelAccreditation Plan.6. Cohesion/Adhesion Tests6.1 Tests On Encapsulated Surfacing Materials:6.1.1 The cohesion/adhesion test shall determine whetherthe encapsulant adversely
34、affects the in situ cohesive andadhesive strength of the friable asbestos-containing surfacingmaterial and shall be in accordance with Annex A1.6.1.2 The load required to cause adhesion or cohesionfailure of the encapsulated matrix shall not be less than the loadrequired to cause failure of the unen
35、capsulated matrix. In nocase shall the load-holding capabilities of the unencapsulatedmatrix be less than the load imposed by the applied encapsu-lation materials.6.1.3 The load required to cause adhesion or cohesionfailure of the encapsulated matrix shall not be less than the loadrequired to cause
36、failure of the unencapsulated matrix, and inno case shall the load be less than 2.4 kPa (50 lbf/ft2).6.1.4 Internal failure of the encapsulated matrix is due tohorizontal delamination within the encapsulated or un-encapsulated material, separation at the interface between theencapsulated and un-enca
37、psulated materials, or separation atE1494 182the interface between the un-encapsulated material and thesubstrate. Shear forces across a vertical cylindrical surfaceequal to the diameter of the disc or lid times the thickness ofthe material from the exposed surface to the plane of delami-nation act t
38、o resist failure but are not considered in thecalculation of loads.6.2 Tests On Un-Encapsulated Surfacing Materials:6.2.1 The cohesion/adhesion test shall determine the in situcohesive and adhesive strength of the friable asbestos-containing surfacing material and shall be in accordance withAnnex A1
39、.6.2.2 The load required to cause adhesion or cohesionfailure of the matrix shall not be less than the manufacturersspecification for the surfacing material.6.2.3 Internal failure of the matrix is due to horizontaldelamination within the material or separation at the interfacebetween the material an
40、d the substrate. Shear forces across avertical cylindrical surface equal to the diameter of the disc orlid times the thickness of the material from the exposed surfaceto the plane of delamination act to resist failure but are notconsidered in the calculation of loads.7. Coverage and Penetration Test
41、s7.1 Coverage RateThe coverage rate for encapsulantsused on surfacing material shall be at the level required by thematrix system field installation, as established by spraying atest area (test patch) using the specified encapsulant.7.1.1 For penetrating encapsulants, the coverage rate toachieve enc
42、apsulation is the saturation (maximum) coveragerate for the particular asbestos-containing material. Saturationis achieved when no further absorption of the encapsulant intothe matrix is observed. Coverage shall be reported as liquidvolume applied per unit area.7.1.2 For bridging encapsulants, the c
43、overage rate toachieve encapsulation occurs when a void-free uniform coatingis formed over the surface of the matrix. Application quantitymust be sufficient to achieve the manufacturers minimumdry-thickness requirements. Coverage shall be reported asliquid volume per unit area.7.2 Penetration Depth:
44、7.2.1 The penetration test values shall determine whether ornot the encapsulant shall be classified as a penetrating encap-sulant or bridging encapsulant, in accordance with the testmethod in Annex A2. Encapsulation coverage rate used toprepare specimens for testing shall be the saturation (maxi-mum
45、) coverage rate as determined in 7.1.7.2.2 If penetration to a depth of 10 mm (38 in.) of thematrix occurs, the product is classified as a penetratingencapsulant. Products having lesser penetrations are classifiedas bridging encapsulants. Differing fibrous matrices as installedin the field may affec
46、t the penetration rate.8. Keywords8.1 asbestos; bridging encapsulant; encapsulant; penetratingencapsulantANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. TEST METHOD TO DETERMINE THE COHESION/ADHESION PROPERTIES OF FRIABLE SPRAY- OR TROWEL-APPLIED ASBESTOS-CONTAINING SURFACING MATERIALSA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 This test m
47、ethod covers a procedure for determiningthe cohesion/adhesion strength of friable spray- or trowel-applied surfacing materials by the application of a forceperpendicular to the surface. This test method is applicable toboth encapsulated and unencapsulated surfacing materials.NOTE A1.1This Annex A1 i
48、s based on Test Method E736.A1.2 Summary of Test MethodA1.2.1 The property of cohesive/adhesive strength is deter-mined using a disc or lid attached to the material with anadhesive. A spring-loaded scale or weights are suspended fromthe disc or lid with a hook to allow manual application ofincreasin
49、g force until cohesive/adhesive failure occurs or apredetermined load is reached.NOTE A1.2The lid can be an ordinary jar lid. The disc can be theremovable insert from a two-piece canning jar lid.A1.2.2 This test method is intended for surfacing materialsapplied to horizontal surfaces such as ceilings, decks, andbottoms flanges of beams. It may be used on vertical surfaceswith modifications to the testing apparatus that are beyond thescope of this method.A1.3 Significance and UseA1.3.1 This test method measures the load required toseparate either untreated or enca
