1、Designation: E1525 02 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forDesigning Biological Tests with Sediments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1525; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 As the contamination of freshwater and saltwater eco-systems continues to be reduced through the implementation ofregulations gove
3、rning both point and non-point sourcedischarges, there is a growing emphasis and concern regardinghistorical inputs and their influence on water and sedimentquality. Many locations in urban areas exhibit significantsediment contamination, which poses a continual and long-term threat to the functiona
4、l condition of benthic communitiesand other species inhabiting these areas (1).2Benthic commu-nities are an important component of many ecosystems andalterations of these communities may affect water-column andnonaquatic species.1.2 Biological tests with sediments are an efficient meansfor evaluatin
5、g sediment contamination because they provideinformation complementary to chemical characterizations andecological surveys (2). Acute sediment toxicity tests can beused as screening tools in the early phase of an assessmenthierarchy that ultimately could include chemical measurementsor bioaccumulati
6、on and chronic toxicity tests. Sediment testshave been applied in both saltwater and freshwater environ-ments (2-6). Sediment tests have been used for dredge materialpermitting, site ranking for remediation, recovery studiesfollowing management actions, and trend monitoring. A par-ticularly importan
7、t application is for establishing contaminant-specific effects and the processes controlling contaminantbioavailability(7).1.3 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Application 4Summary of Guide 5Significance and Use 6Hazards 7Sediment Test Types 8Biological Res
8、ponses 9Test Organisms 10Experimental Design Considerations 11Data Interpretation 12Keywords 131.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
9、 associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1129
10、Terminology Relating to WaterD4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals andSamplesE724 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity TestsStarting with Embryos of Four Species of SaltwaterBivalve MolluscsE729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrat
11、es, and Amphib-iansE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental FateE1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material toAquatic Organisms and Their UsesE1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine In-vertebratesE138
12、3 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withFreshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 1995)4E1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-tebrates1This guide is under the juris
13、diction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published May 2015. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous ed
14、ition approved in 2008 as E1525 02(2008). DOI:10.1520/E1525-02R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
16、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1563 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Testswith Echinoid EmbryosE1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withPolychaetous AnnelidsE1676 Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity orBioaccumulation Tests with the
17、Lumbricid EarthwormEisenia Fetida and the Enchytraeid Potworm EnchytraeusalbidusE1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation ofSediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Inverte-bratesE1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebra
18、tesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 Other Standards:Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.132 (f)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this gui
19、de. “Must” isused to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that thetest ought to be designed to satisfy a specific condition, unlessthe purpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” isused only in connection with the factors that apply directly tothe acceptability of the test.
20、 “Should” is used to state that thespecified conditions are recommended and ought to be met inmost tests. Although a violation of one “should” is rarely aserious matter, violation of several will often render the resultsquestionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is often desirable,”and “might be d
21、esirable” are used in connection with lessimportant factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are) allowed to,”“can” is used to mean“ is (are) able to,” and “might” is used tomean “could possibly.” Thus, the classic distinction between“may” and“ can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as asynonym of
22、either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toGuide E729, Terminologies D1129 and E943, and GuideE1023. For an explanation of the units and symbols, refer toIEEE/ASTM SI-10.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bioaccumulationthe net uptake of a
23、material by anorganism from its environment through exposure by means ofwater and food.3.2.2 concentrationthe ratio of the weight or volume oftest material(s) to the weight or volume of test sample.3.2.3 control sedimenta sediment that is essentially free ofcontaminants and is used routinely to asse
24、ss the acceptabilityof a test.3.2.4 elutriatethe water and soluble portion extractedfrom the sediment.3.2.5 exposurecontact with a chemical or physical agent.3.2.6 overlying waterthe water placed over the solidphase of a sediment in the test chamber for the conduct of thebiological test; this may al
25、so include the water used tomanipulate the sediments. In field situations, the water columnabove the sediment/water interface.3.2.7 pore water/interstitial waterwater occupying spacebetween sediment or soil particles.3.2.8 reference sedimenta whole sediment near the area ofconcern used to assess sed
26、iment conditions exclusive ofmaterial(s) of interest.3.2.9 sediment(1) particulate material that usually liesbelow water and (2) formulated paticulate matter that isintended to lie below water in a test.3.2.10 spiked sedimenta sediment to which a material hasbeen added for experimental purposes.3.2.
27、11 suspensiona slurry of sediment and water.3.2.12 toxicitythe property of a material or combination ofmaterials to affect organisms adversely.3.2.13 whole sedimentsediment and associated pore waterthat has had minimal manipulation following collection orformulation.4. Application4.1 An ASTM guide o
28、utlines a series of options or instruc-tions and does not recommend a specific course of action. Thepurpose of a guide is to offer guidance, based on a consensusof viewpoints, but not to establish a fixed procedure.Aguide isintended to increase the awareness of the user to availabletechniques in a g
29、iven subject area and to provide informationfrom which subsequent evaluation and standardization can bederived.4.2 This guide provides general interpretative guidance onthe selection, application, and interpretation of biological testswith sediments. As such, this guide serves as a preface to otherA
30、STM documents describing methods for sediment collection,storage, and manipulation (Guide E1391); and toxicity orbioaccumulation tests with sediment ( Guides E724, E1367,E1391, E1611, E1563, E1688, and Test Method E1706). Muchof the guidance presented in this standard is also applicable totoxicity t
31、esting of soils (Guide E1676). This guide serves as anintroduction and summary of sediment testing and is not meantto provide specific guidance on test methods. Rather, its intentis to provide information necessary to accomplish the follow-ing:4.2.1 Select a sediment exposure strategy appropriate to
32、 theassessment need. For example, a suspended phase exposure isrelevant to the evaluation of dredged sediments for disposal ata dispersive aquatic site. (See Annex A1).4.2.2 Select the test organism and biological endpointsappropriate to the desired exposure and aquatic resources atrisk. For example
33、, the potential for water quality problems andsubsequent effects on oyster beds may dictate the use ofsediment elutriate exposures with bivalve larvae (Guide E724).4.2.3 Establish an experimental design consistent with theobjectives of the sediment evaluation. The use of appropriate5Available from S
34、uperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington DC 20402.E1525 02 (2014)2controls is particularly important for evaluating sedimentcontamination (see Section 11).4.2.4 Determine which statistical procedures should beapplied to analysis of the data, and define the limits ofappl
35、icability of the resultant analyses in data interpretation(Test Method E1706).5. Summary of Guide5.1 This guide provides general guidance and objectives forconducting biological tests with sediments. Detailed technicalinformation on the conduct and evaluation of specific sedimenttests is included in
36、 other documents referenced in this guide.5.2 Neither this guide nor any specific test methodology canadequately address the multitude of technical factors that mustbe considered when designing and conducting a specificinvestigation. The intended use of this document is thereforenot to provide detai
37、led guidance, but rather to assist theinvestigator in developing technically sound and environmen-tally relevant biological tests that adequately address thequestions being posed by a specific investigation.6. Significance and Use6.1 Contaminated sediments may affect natural populationsof aquatic or
38、ganisms adversely. Sediment-dwelling organismsmay be exposed directly to contaminants by the ingestion ofsediments and by the uptake of sediment-associated contami-nants from interstitial and overlying water. Contaminatedsediments may affect water column species directly by servingas a source of con
39、taminants to overlying waters or a sink forcontaminants from overlying waters. Organisms may also beaffected when contaminated sediments are suspended in thewater column by natural or human activities. Water columnspecies and nonaquatic species may also be affected indirectlyby contaminated sediment
40、s by the transfer of contaminantsthrough ecosystems (7, 8).6.2 The procedures described in this guide may be used andadapted for incorporation in basic and applied research todetermine the ecological effects of contaminated sediments.These same methods may also be used in the development andimplemen
41、tation of monitoring and regulatory programs de-signed to prevent and manage sediment contamination.6.3 Sediment tests with aquatic organisms can be used toquantify the acute and chronic toxicity and the bioavailabilityof new and presently used materials. Sediment toxicity mayalso result from enviro
42、nmental processes such as ammoniageneration, pH shifts, or dissolved oxygen fluctuation. In manycases, consideration of the adverse effects of sediment-associated contaminants is only one part of a complete hazardassessment of manufactured compounds that are applied di-rectly to the environment (for
43、 example, pesticides) and thosereleased (for example, through wastewater effluents) as by-products from the manufacturing process or from municipali-ties (7).6.4 Sediment tests can be used to develop exposure-response relationships for individual toxicants by spiking cleansediments with varying conc
44、entrations of a test chemical anddetermining the concentration that elicits the target response inthe test organism (Guide E1391). Sediment tests can also bedesigned to determine the effects that the physical and chemi-cal properties of sediments have on the bioavailability andtoxicity of compounds.
45、6.5 Sediment tests can provide valuable information formaking decisions regarding the management of contaminatedsediments from hazardous waste sites and other contaminatedareas. Biological tests with sediments can also be used to makedefensible management decisions on the dredging and disposalof pot
46、entially contaminated sediments from rivers and harbors.(7, 8), Test Method E1706.)7. Hazards7.1 General Precautions:7.1.1 Development and maintenance of an effective healthand safety program in the laboratory requires an ongoingcommitment by laboratory management and includes: (1) theappointment of
47、 a laboratory health and safety officer with theresponsibility and authority to develop and maintain a safetyprogram, (2) the preparation of a formal, written health andsafety plan, which is provided to each laboratory staff member,(3) an ongoing training program on laboratory safety, and (4)regular
48、 safety inspections.7.1.2 Collection and use of sediments may involve substan-tial risk to personal safety and health. Chemicals in field-collected sediment may include carcinogenics, mutagens, andother potentially toxic compounds. Inasmuch as sedimenttesting is often started before chemical analysi
49、s can becompleted, worker contact with sediment needs to be mini-mized by (1) using gloves, laboratory coats, safety glasses, faceshields and respirators as appropriate, (2) manipulating sedi-ments under a ventilated hood or in an enclosed glove box, and(3) enclosing and ventilating the exposure system. Personalcollecting sediment samples and conducting tests should takeall safety precautions necessary for the prevention of bodilyinjury and illness which might result from ingestion or invasionof infectious agents, inhaltion or absorption of corrosive ortoxic substances
