1、Designation: E1547 09 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Terminology Relating toIndustrial and Specialty Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard covers terminology relating to industrialand specialty chemicals. It is intended to provide an under-standing
3、of terms commonly used in test methods, practices,and specifications throughout the industry.NOTE 1The boldface numbers following each definition refer to E15standards in which the definition appears. Lightface numbers refer to theE15 subcommittee having jurisdiction.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
4、Standards:2D891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity,Apparent, of LiquidIndustrial ChemicalsE12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravityof Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)3E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass ElectrodeE180 Practice for Determining the Precisi
5、on of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)3E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storageof Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical AnalysisE201 Test Method for Calculation of Volume and Weight ofIndustrial Chemical Liquids (Wi
6、thdrawn 2001)3E222 Test Methods for Hydroxyl Groups Using AceticAnhydride AcetylationE223 Test Methods for Analysis of Sulfuric AcidE224 Test Methods for Analysis of Hydrochloric AcidE234 Test Method for Total Bromine Number of Unsatu-rated Aliphatic Chemicals (Withdrawn 2008)3E300 Practice for Samp
7、ling Industrial ChemicalsE324 Test Method for Relative Initial and Final MeltingPoints and the Melting Range of Organic ChemicalsE326 Test Method for Hydroxyl Groups by Phthalic Anhy-dride Esterification (Withdrawn 2001)3E335 Test Method for Hydroxyl Groups by PyromelliticDianhydride Esterification
8、(Withdrawn 2002)3E347 Test Method for Ash in Polybasic Acids (Withdrawn2003)3E410 Test Method for Moisture and Residue in LiquidChlorineE1899 Test Method for Hydroxyl Groups Using Reactionwith p-Toluenesulfonyl Isocyanate (TSI) and Potentiomet-ric Titration with Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide3. Termin
9、ology3.1 Definitions:accuracythe agreement between an experimentally deter-mined value and the accepted reference value. In chemicalwork, this term is frequently used to express freedom frombias, but in other fields it assumes a broader meaning as ajoint index of precision and bias. To avoid confusi
10、on, theterm bias will be used in appraising of the systematic errorof test methods for industrial chemicals. See also bias. E180,E15.04ashthe residual inorganic matter obtained on ignition of asample in air at a specified temperature. E347, E15.51Baum gravitya unit of density based on specific gravi
11、tyand defined by the following equation:Baume gravity 5 145 2 145/sp gr# at 15.5/15.5C 60/60F! (1)See also density and specific gravity. E223, E224, E324,E15.51biasa constant or systematic error as opposed to a randomerror. It manifests itself as a persistent positive or negativedeviation of the met
12、hod average from the accepted referencevalue. See also accuracy. E180, E15.04bromine number, totalnumber of centigrams of bromineequivalent to the total unsaturation present in1gofsample.It is a measure of the total ethylenic unsaturation present inthe designated aliphatic compound. E234, E15.22coef
13、ficient of variationa measure of relative precisioncalculated as the standard deviation of a series of values1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 onAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D16.15 on Industrial and Specia
14、lty General Standards.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1547 09. DOI:10.1520/E1547-09R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servi
15、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization T
17、echnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1divided by their average. It is often multiplied by 100 andexpressed as a percentage. E180, E15.04densitythe mass of a unit volume of a material at a specifiedtemperature. The units shall be stated, such as grams permillilitre, grams per cubic centimetre,
18、pounds per cubic foot,or other. The form of the expression shall be the following:Density at x .where x = temperature of the material, in , forexample, C. See also Baumgravity and specific gravity. E201, E15.23density (of gases)the mass of a unit volume of a gas at astated temperature and pressure.
19、The units shall be stated.The form of expression shall be the following:Density at x, ywhere:x = temperature of the gas units, for example, C, andy = pressure of the gas (units, for example, kPa). E12,E15.23density, apparentthe weight in air of a unit volume of amaterial at a specified temperature.
20、The units shall be stated.The form of expression shall be the following:Apparent density at xwhere x = temperature of the material, in , forexample, C. E201, E15.23duplicatestwo independent determinations performed byone analyst in a short period of time, for example, one day.E180, E15.04errorin a s
21、tatistical sense, any deviation of an observedvalue from the true, but generally unknown, value. Whenexpressed as a fraction or percentage of the value measured,it is called a relative error.All statements of precision or biasshould indicate clearly whether they are expressed in abso-lute or relativ
22、e sense. E180, E15.04error, randomthe chance variation encountered in all ex-perimental work despite the closest possible control ofvariables. It is characterized by the random occurrence ofboth positive and negative deviations from the mean valuefor the method, the algebraic average of which will a
23、pproachzero in a long series of measurements. E180, E15.04hydroxyl numberthe milligrams of potassium hydroxideequivalent to the hydroxyl content of1gofsample. In thecase of a pure compound, the hydroxyl number is inverselyproportional to the hydroxyl equivalent weight:equivalent weight g/equivalent!
24、 5 56100/hydroxyl number (2)E222, E326, E335, E1899, E15.22increments (solid sample)portions of material selectedfrom various parts of a lot, which may be tested individuallyor composited and tested as a unit. E300, E15.05lot (solid sample)a discrete quantity of material. It maycontain a single batc
25、h or several batches or be the product ofcontinuous process broken into units on the basis of time orshipment. It is very desirable that individual batches in a lotbe specifically identified so that they may become individualor stratified units for inspection. E300, E15.05melting point, finalthe tem
26、perature at which the last crystaldisappears into the melt. E324, E15.23melting point, initialthe temperature at which positiveevidence of liquefaction is observed. E324, E15.23moisturethe volatile substances evolved during volatiliza-tion and purging of the sample-residue flask and absorbed onthe d
27、esiccant contained in the absorption tubes under theconditions of the test.4E410, E15.5795 % limit (difference between two results)the maximumabsolute difference expected for approximately 95 % of allpairs of results from laboratories similar to those in theinterlaboratory study. E180, E15.04pHdefin
28、ed formally as the negative logarithm to the base 10of the conventional hydrogen ion activity. The pH of anaqueous solution is derived from E, the electromotive force(emf) of the cell:reference ?solution ? glass electrode(where the double vertical line represents a liquidjunction)when the electrodes
29、 are immersed in the solution, and Es,the electromotive force obtained when the electrodes areimmersed in a standard solution (whose assigned pH is des-ignated pH(S), by the following equation:pH 5 pHS!1E 2 Es!FRTln10!(3)where:F = faraday, 96 487 Cmol1,R = gas constant, 8.314 33 JK1mol1, andT = abso
30、lute temperature, (t C + 273.15). E70, E15.23precisionthe degree of agreement of repeated measurementsof the same property. Precision statements in ASTM meth-ods for industrial chemicals will be derived from theestimated standard deviation or coefficient of variation of aseries of measurements and w
31、ill be expressed in terms of therepeatability, the within-laboratory, between days variability,and the reproducibility of the method. E180, E15.04rangethe absolute value of the algebraic difference betweenthe highest and the lowest values in a set of data. E180,E15.04repeatabilitythe precision of a
32、method expressed as theagreement attainable between independent determinationsperformed at essentially the same time (duplicates) by oneanalyst using the same apparatus and techniques. E180,E15.04replicatestwo or more repetitions of a test determination.E180, E15.044This term or definition is specif
33、ic to the standard under the test conditions.E1547 09 (2017)2reproducibilitythe precision of a method expressed as theagreement attainable between determinations performed indifferent laboratories. E180, E15.04residuethose substances that remain in the sample flask aftersample volatilization under t
34、he conditions of the test.4E410,E15.57resulta value, that is, a single determination, an average ofduplicates, or other specified grouping of replicates, ob-tained by carrying out the test method. E180, E15.04samplea small fraction of a larger bulk having propertiessufficiently representative of thi
35、s bulk.sample, all-levels (liquid sample)one obtained by submerg-ing a closed sampler to a point as near as possible to thedraw-off level, then opening the sampler and raising it at arate such that it is about three-fourths full as it emerges fromthe liquid.An all-levels sample is not necessarily an
36、 averagesample because the tank volume may not be proportional tothe depth and because the operator may not be able to raisethe sampler at the variable rate required for proportionatefilling. The rate of filling is proportional to the square root ofthe depth of immersion. E300, E15.05sample, average
37、 (liquid sample)one that consists of pro-portionate parts from all sections of the container. E300,E15.05sample, bottom (liquid sample)one obtained from thematerial on the bottom surface of the tank, container, or lineat its lowest point. (Bottom samples are usually taken tocheck for water, sludge,
38、scale, etc.) E300, E15.05sample, composite, compartment-tank (liquid sample)(ship, barge, etc.)a blend of individual all-levels samplesfrom each compartment that contains the product beingsampled in proportion to the volume of material in eachcompartment. E300, E15.05sample, composite, single-tank (
39、liquid sample)a blend ofthe upper, middle, and lower samples. For a tank of uniformcross section, such as an upright cylindrical tank, the blendconsists of equal parts of the three samples. For a horizontalcylindrical tank, the blend consists of the three samples inthe proportions shown in Table 1.
40、E300, E15.05sample, continuous (liquid sample)one obtained from apipeline conveying the product in such a manner as to givea representative average of the stream throughout the periodof transit. E300, E15.05sample, drain (liquid sample)one obtained from the draw-off or discharge valve. Occasionally,
41、 a drain sample may bethe same as a bottom sample, as in the case of a tank car.E300, E15.05sample, gross (solid sample)a composite prepared by mix-ing the increments. E300, E15.05sample, jar (liquid sample)one obtained by placing a jarinto the path of a free-flowing stream so as to collect adefinit
42、e volume from the full cross section of the stream.E300, E15.05sample, laboratory (solid sample)that portion of the sub-sample that is sent to the laboratory for testing. E300,E15.05sample, middle (liquid sample)one obtained from themiddle of the tank contents. E300, E15.05sample, mixed (liquid samp
43、le)one obtained after mixing orvigorously stirring the contents of the original container, andthen pouring out or drawing off the quantity desired. E300,E15.05sample, outlet (liquid sample)one normally obtained at thelevel of the tank outlet (either fixed or a swing line outlet).E300, E15.05sample,
44、sub (solid sample)a smaller sample produced in aspecified manner by the reduction in volume or quantity ofthe gross sample. E300, E15.05sample, top (liquid sample)one normally obtained 6 in.(152 mm) below the top surface of the tank contents. E300,E15.05sample, tube or thief (liquid sample)one obtai
45、ned with asampling tube or special thief, either as a core sample or spotsample from the specified point in the container. E300,E15.05sample, upper (liquid sample)one obtained from themiddle of the upper third of the tank contents. E300, E15.05sampling (solid sample)the process of extracting a small
46、fraction of material from a larger bulk, so that it will beTABLE 1 Sampling Horizontal Cylindrical TanksLiquid Depth, Percentof DiameterSampling Level, Percent of Diameter Above Bottom Composite Sample, Proportionate Parts ofUpper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower100 80 50 20 3 4 390 75 50 20 3 4 380
47、70 50 20 2 5 370 . 50 20 1 5 460 . 50 20 . 5 550 . 40 20 . 4 640 . . 20 . . 1030 . . 15 . . 1020 . . 10 . . 1010 . . 5 . . 10E1547 09 (2017)3sufficiently representative of the bulk for the intendedpurpose. E300, E15.05significance levelthe decimal probability that a result willexceed the critical va
48、lue. E180, E15.04simple liquida single-phase liquid having a vapor pressureof less than 16 psi Reid vapor pressure at 100F (830 mm Hgat 37.8C) and a Saybolt viscosity of less than 10 000 s(2160 cSt) at 25C. E300, E15.05slurrya suspension of solid particles in a liquid that can beseparated by filtrat
49、ion or sedimentation (does not includeemulsions). E300, E15.05solida state of matter in which the relative motion ofmolecules is restricted and in which molecules tend to retaina definite fixed position relative to each other.Asolid may besaid to have a definite shape and volume. E300, E15.05specific gravitythe ratio of the mass of a unit volume of amaterial at a stated temperature to the mass of the samevolume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.The form of expression shall be the follow
