1、Designation: E 1551 06Standard Specification forSpecial Purpose, SmoothTread Tire, Operated on FixedBraking Slip Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1551; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for aspecial purpose, sm
3、ooth-tread standard tire for measuringtire-pavement friction forces. The tire is utilized on fixedbraking slip continuous friction measuring equipment such asthe Runway Friction Tester, Surface Friction Tester, or BV-11Skiddometer Trailer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardeda
4、s the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 297 Test Methods for Rubber ProductsChemicalAnalysisD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 1054 Test Method for Rubber PropertyResilience Us-ing a Goodyear-Healey Rebound PendulumD 1765 Classification
5、 System for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets2.2 Other Documents:BV-11 Skiddometer TrailerInstruction and Ser
6、vicingManualDOT/FAA/AS-90-1 Reliability and Performance of FrictionMeasuring Tires and Friction Equipment Correlation3Advisory Circular 150/5320-12 “Measurement, Con-struction and Maintenance of Skid Resistant AirportPavement Surfaces”4TatraIntertech Friction Tester Instruction and ServicingManual53
7、. Materials and Manufacture3.1 The individual standard tires shall conform to the designstandards of Section 5. Dimensions, weights, and permissiblevariations are also given in Section 5 and in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.3.2 Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all steps intire manufacturing shall be ce
8、rtified to ensure that the specifi-cations are met (see Section 7).3.3 The markings on the tire as shown in Fig. 1 shall bemolded on both sides of the tire.63.4 Fig. 1 shows a view of the tread surface and a side viewof the standard, special purpose, smooth tread tire and Fig. 2 isa typical tire cro
9、ss section with critical dimensions identified.3.5 Tire should be mounted so that it is rotated in thedirection of the arrow on the side of the tire. See Fig. 1.4. Material Requirements4.1 The compounding requirements for the tread compoundare given in Table 1.4.2 The fabric shall be nylon, 1260/2 D
10、enier.NOTE 1Certain proprietary products have been specified since exactduplication of properties of the finished tire may not be achieved withother similar products. This inclusion does not in any way comprise arecommendation for these proprietary products nor against similar prod-ucts of other man
11、ufacturers, nor does it imply any superiority over anysuch similar products.5. Construction, Dimensions and Permissible Variations5.1 ConstructionThe tire shall be a size 4.00-8, tube type,four plies, Nylon cord, and bias construction.5.2 DimensionsTread width shall be 2.4 6 0.1 in. (61 62.5 mm), th
12、e tread radius shall be 10.0 6 1.5 in. (254 6 381This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.24 on Tireand Slider Characteristics.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Or
13、iginallyapproved as as ES 17. Last previous edition approved in 1998 asE 1551 93a (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
14、ary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 PortRoyal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161, http:/www.ntis.gov.4Available from U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Adminis-tration, 800 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20591.5Available fr
15、om Intertech Engineering Inc., 726 S. MansfieldAve., LosAngeles,CA 90036.6Specified tire is available from Specialty Tires of America, Inc., P.O. Box 749,1600 Washington St., Indiana, PA 15701. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarte
16、rs. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1which you may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.mm), the cross-sectional width shall be 4.1 6 0.15 in. (10
17、4 63.8 mm), and the outside diameter at the tread centerline shallbe 16.4 6 0.2 in. (417 6 5 mm) when measured on an 8 by3.00D rim at 30 6 0.5 psi (207 6 2 kPa) inflation pressure. SeeFig. 2 which shows inflated dimensions of the new tire.5.3 TreadThe tread surface shall be smooth (blank) with-out a
18、ny ribs or grooves. The tread shall have a thickness of 0.16in. (4.1 mm) and an under skid thickness of 0.14 6 0.03 in.(3.56 6 0.76 mm).Suggested Marking on TireASTM Test Tire E 15514.00 8 NHS6 Ply RatingTube TypeManufacturers Name or TrademarkFIG. 1 Test TireFIG. 2 Tire Section, Including Inflated
19、DimensionsTABLE 1 Compounding of Tread RubberAMaterial Parts by MassSBR 1714B89.38BR 1208C35.00Zinc Oxide 3.00Stearic Acid 2.00Paraffinic Wax 2.00N339D75.006PPDE2.00Highly Aromatic Oil 22.12TBBSF1.10DPGG0.10Sulfur 1.80ASee Practice D 3182.BStyrene-butadiene rubber (23.5 % styrene) 37.5 parts of high
20、-aromatic oil.CHigh cis-polybutadiene with 37.5 parts of high-aromatic oil or equivalent.DN339 Carbon Black, see Classification D 1765.EDimethyl butylphenyl phenylenediamine.FButyl benzothiazole sulfenamide.GDiphenyl guanidine.E15510625.4 Wear IndicatorsThere will be four holes molded intothe tire 0
21、.16 in. (4.1 mm) deep and 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)diameter. These four wear indicators will alternate from oneside of the tread centerline to the other and be spaced 90 apart.6. Workmanship6.1 Tires shall be free of defects in workmanship andmaterial.7. Test Methods7.1 Tensile Sheet CurePractice D 3182.7
22、.2 Modulus (300 %)Test Methods D 412.7.3 Tensile Sheet DurometerTest Method D 2240, using aType A Shore Durometer.7.4 Restored Energy (Rebound or Resilience)Test MethodD 1054.7.5 Specific GravityTest Methods D 297.7.6 Tensile StrengthTest Methods D 412.7.7 ElongationTest Methods D 412.7.8 Tire Tread
23、 DurometerTest Method D 2240, in addi-tion to the following specific procedures:7.8.1 Use a TypeADurometer.A0.5-in. (12.7-mm) diameterpresser foot, Shore, code XAHAF is recommended.7.8.2 The durometer shall be calibrated at a reading of 60hardness.7.8.3 Condition the tire and durometer to equilibriu
24、m at73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) before determining tread hardness.7.8.4 The tire tread hardness is to be determined by aver-aging at least one set of six readings. A set should consist ofreadings taken at equally spaced intervals across the tread. It isrecommended that additional sets of readings be taken
25、 aroundthe tread circumference.7.8.5 Apply presser foot to the tire tread as rapidly aspossible without shock, keeping the foot parallel to the treadsurface. Apply just sufficient pressure to obtain firm contactbetween presser foot and tire tread surface. Read the durometerscale within 1 s after pre
26、sser foot is in contact with the tiretread, but after initial maximum transient which may occurimmediately after contact is made.8. Physical Requirements8.1 The physical and mechanical test requirements are givenin Table 2.9. Certification9.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, thepurc
27、haser shall be furnished certification that samples repre-senting each lot have been tested and inspected as directed inthis specification, verifying that all requirements have beenmet. When specified in the purchase order or contract, a reportof the test results shall be furnished.9.2 The Annex to
28、this specification contains the test proce-dures for determining the reliability, performance and consis-tency of the tires.10. Packaging and Preservation10.1 The tires should be stored in a dry area, at a tempera-ture not exceeding 90F (32.2C) and in subdued light. Tiresmust not be stored near elec
29、tric motors, welders, or other ozonegenerating equipment. The tire is not to be used as a standardtest tire after more than one year storage by the consumer norif it has been stored at more than 85F (29.4C) for more than60 days.11. Recommendations for Tire Use and OperationalRequirements11.1 The tir
30、e is for measuring tire-pavement friction forcesonly and is not designed for general highway service.11.2 Anew tire break-in sufficient to only remove the glossytread surface is recommended before using the tire for testing.This break-in time will vary with pavement surface condition,speed, and test
31、 tire operating mode.11.3 The tire shall be operated on fixed slip devices such asthe Runway Friction Tester, the Surface Friction Tester, and theBV-11 Skiddometer Trailer. The inflation pressure used in thefriction tire shall be 30 6 0.5 psi (207 6 3 kPa) measured atambient temperature (cold).11.4
32、The recommended static test load on the friction tireshall be 200 6 2 lbf (890 6 9 N) with loading to a maximumof 320 6 3 lbf (1423 6 14 N) permissible, at 30 6 0.5 psi (2076 3 kPa) inflation pressure.11.5 When any irregular wear or damage results fromtesting or when the wear indicators are no longe
33、r visible, theuse of the friction tire as a standard test friction tire shall bediscontinued.TABLE 2 Physical Properties of Tread CompoundTensile Sheet Cure, min at 300F (149C) 30300 % modulus, psi (MPa) (Test Methods D 412) 1000 6 200Specific gravity (Methods D 297) 1.13 6 0.02Tensile strength, min
34、 psi (MPa) (Test Methods D 412 2000 (13.8)Elongation, min % (Test Methods D 412) 500Tire tread durometer (Test Method D 2240)586 2E1551063ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TESTING THE E1551 TIRE FOR RELIABILITY, PERFORMANCE AND CONSISTENCYA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 This specification describes the test procedur
35、es forestablishing the reliability, performance, and consistency of thetire from batch to batch.A1.2 CertificationA1.2.1 The manufacturer of the tire will certify that testinghas been completed on each batch of tires.A1.2.2 A certified testing company may be sub-contractedby the manufacturer to acco
36、mplish the testing and certificationaccording to these procedures.A1.2.3 Testing will be conducted on a properly calibrated,fixed braking slip, continuous friction measuring device (see11.3).A1.3 Tire SamplingA1.3.1 The number of tires randomly selected from eachbatch is determined from Table A1.1.A
37、1.3.1.1 To ensure random selection of test tires, the tiremanufacturer shall divide the batch into as many equal sublotsas the number of test tires required by Table A1.1. One tire isthen randomly selected from each sublot.A1.3.1.2 In addition to the current tires selected for com-parative testing w
38、ith the previous batch tires, the manufacturershall also retain and properly store the required number ofrandomly selected tires from the current batch for futurecomparative testing with the next batch of tires produced. (SeeSection 10). This will always double the random sample sizerequirement give
39、n in Table A1.1.A1.3.2 Each tire selected shall be properly labeled accord-ing to sequential batch number and marked accordingly to theorder of their selection.A1.4 Test SurfacesA1.4.1 Four test surfaces will be required as follows:A1.4.1.1 Test Surface A: Mu7values ranging from 0 to 16,A1.4.1.2 Tes
40、t Surface B: Mu values ranging from 28 to 44,A1.4.1.3 Test Surface C: Mu values ranging from 56 to 72,andA1.4.1.4 Test Surface D: Mu values 84 and above.A1.4.2 The averaged Mu value for each of the test surfacesidentified above is based on a minimum of ten passes con-ducted at 40 mph (65 km/h).A1.4.
41、2.1 The average Mu value shall be as close to themiddle of the respective ranges as possible and the continuousfriction trace produced by the friction device shall be consis-tently within a band width of 63 Mu numbers.A1.4.2.2 In addition, the averaged Mu value for each testsurface shall not vary mo
42、re than 63 Mu numbers from theaveraged Mu value obtained for that surface (A, B, C or D) forthe previous batch of tires.A1.4.3 The physical length of each test surface shall not beless than 250 ft (75 m) or greater than 500 ft (152 m).A1.4.4 The data acquisition shall be taken within thephysical len
43、gth of each test surface where the friction valuesare stabilized and are representative of the test surface.A1.5 TestingA1.5.1 The manufacturer or testing facility shall select onetire from the current batch of provided samples and one tirefrom the previous batch of provided samples. The tires will
44、beproperly identified.A1.5.2 Tests shall be conducted on originally dry pavementtest surfaces using the friction devices self-watering system.The water depth shall be 0.04 in. (1 mm), applied in front of thefriction measuring tire(s).A1.5.3 To minimize ambient temperature influences onfriction value
45、s, test trials shall be conducted when the tempera-ture is within 80 6 10F (27 6 6C).A1.5.4 A minimum of six passes shall be conducted at eachof two speeds, 40 and 60 mph (65 and 95 km/h), on each testsurface described inA1.4, using the tires selected underA1.5.1.A1.5.5 The remaining randomly select
46、ed tire samples fromeach batch (Table A1.1) shall be tested once over each of thetest surfaces described in A1.4 at two speeds, 40 and 60 mph(65 and 95 km/h).A1.6 Analysis of Test DataA1.6.1 When the test trials have been completed, statisticalanalyses shall be conducted to develop the Linear Regres
47、sionLine to establish the reliability, performance and consistency ofthe current tire batch with the previous tire batch. ParagraphA1.8 details the parameters for conducting the statisticalanalysis.A1.6.2 The averaged Mu value for all tests conducted foreach speed shall be within One Standard Error
48、of Estimate or63 Mu numbers from the Linear Regression Line for eachrandom tire sample of the previous tire batch versus therandom tire sample of the current tire batch.A1.6.3 The averaged Mu value shall be within One Stan-dard Error of Estimate or 63 Mu numbers from the statistical7Mu = ; Coefficie
49、nt of friction. Scale ranges from 0 to 100 and equates actualcoefficient ratio multiplied by 100.TABLE A1.1 Random Sampling of Tires from Tire Batch Size toDetermine Acceptance/FailureTireBatch SizeRandom TireSample SizeFor TestingAccept IfNumber ofFailedTires EqualsReject IfNumber ofFailedTires Equals51 to 150 5 1 2151 to 500 8 2 3501 to 1200 13 3 4E1551064calculated Linear Regression Line for each of the remainingrandom tire samples, (see A1.5.5), for each test surface, andtwo test speed.A1.7 RetestingA1.7.1 When any one tire fails to meet t
