1、Designation: E1575 12Standard Practice forPressure Water Cleaning and Cutting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1575; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the personnel requirements, opera-tor training, operating procedures, and recommended equip-ment performance/design for the proper
3、operation of all typesof pressure water-jet cleaning and cutting equipment as nor-mally used by industries concerned with construction, mainte-nance, repair, cleaning, cutting, and demolition work.1.2 The term high-pressure water jetting covers all waterjetting, including the use of additives or abr
4、asives at pressuresabove 100.5 psig (0.69 MPa).1.3 Any person required to operate or maintain pressurewater-jetting equipment shall have been trained and havedemonstrated the ability and knowledge to do so in accordancewith the original equipment manufacturers instructions, speci-fications, and trai
5、ning programs.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
6、to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 3.1.3, 4.4,5.7.2, 5.11, 5.14, 6.2, 6.7, and Sections 8 and 11 for specifichazards statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI/IEEE Standard:2957-1987 IEEE Guide for Clean
7、ing Insulators3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 dump system, nthe discharge orifice operator-controlled, manually operated device or system that reducesthe pressure to a level that yields a pressure flow at the nozzlethat is considerably below the risk threshold.
8、3.1.2 guard, nshould be so designed, constructed andused that it will:(a) provide positive protection;(b) prevent all access to the danger zone during operations;(c) cause the operator no discomfort or inconvenience;(d) not interfere unnecessarily with production;(e) operate automatically or with mi
9、nimum effort;(f) be suitable for the job and the machine;(g) preferably constitute a design, integral built-in feature;(h) provide for machine oiling, inspection, adjustment andrepair;(i) withstand long use with minimum maintenance;(j) be durable, fire- and corrosion-resistant;(k) not constitute a h
10、azard by themselves (without splinters,sharp corners, rough edges, or other sources of accidents); and(1) protect against foreseeable use and foreseeable misuse ofoperational contingencies, not merely against normally ex-pected hazards as determined from a job safety analysis3.1.3 high-pressure wate
11、r cleaning, vthe use of high-pressure water, with or without the addition of other liquids orsolid particles, to remove unwanted matter from varioussurfaces, where the pressure of the liquid jet exceeds 100.5 psig(0.69 MPa) at the orifice. (WarningThe limit of 100.5 psig(0.69 MPa) does not mean that
12、 pressures below 100.5 psig(0.69 MPa) cannot cause injury or require any less attention tothe principles of this practice. Adequate precautions, similar tothose of this practice, are required at all pressures.)3.1.4 high-pressure water cutting, vthe use of high-pressure water, with or without the ad
13、dition of other liquids orsolid particles, to penetrate into the surface of a material for thepurpose of cutting that material, where the pressure of theliquid jet exceeds 100.5 psig (0.69 MPa) at the orifice.3.1.5 hose assembly, na hose with safety coupling eachindicating pressure capacities and at
14、tached in accordance withmanufacturers specifications.3.1.6 lance, na rigid metal tube used to extend the nozzlefrom the end of the hose.3.1.7 lancing, van application whereby a lance and nozzlecombination is inserted into, and retracted from, the interior ofa pipe or tubular product.3.1.8 moleing,
15、van application whereby a hose fittedeither with a nozzle or with a nozzle attached to a lance isinserted into, and retracted from, the interior of a tubularproduct. It is a system commonly intended for cleaning the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-tional Healt
16、h and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.03on High Pressure Water Cleaning.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1575 - 08. DOI:10.1520/E1575-12.2Available from American Nationa
17、l Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.internal surfaces of tubes, pipes, or drains. It can be self-propelled by its backward dir
18、ected jets and is manufactured invarious shapes, sizes, and combinations of forward- andbackward-directed jets.3.1.9 nozzle, na device with one or more openings wherethe fluid discharges from the system. The nozzle restricts thearea of flow of the fluid, accelerating the water to the requiredvelocit
19、y and shaping it to the required flow pattern anddistribution for a particular application. Combinations of for-ward and backward nozzles are often used to balance thethrust. Such nozzles are commonly referred to as tips, jets,orifices, etc.3.1.10 operator, na person who has been trained inaccordanc
20、e with the original manufacturers instructional train-ing program and has demonstrated the knowledge, experience,and ability to perform the assigned task.3.1.11 operator trainee, na person not fully qualified dueto the lack of sufficient knowledge or experience, or both, toperform the assigned task
21、without supervision.3.1.12 pressure water jet system, nwater delivery systemsthat have nozzles or other openings whose function is toincrease the speed of liquids that may cause injury. Solidparticles or additional chemicals may also be introduced, butthe exit in all cases will be in a free stream.
22、The system shallinclude the pumps (pressure-producing devices), hoses, lances,nozzles, valves, safety devices, and personal protective equip-ment, as well as any heating elements or injection systems,attached thereto.3.1.13 shotgunning, nan application whereby a lance ornozzle combination can be man
23、ipulated in virtually all planesof operation.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended to provide guidance on theproper operation of pressure water-jet cleaning and cuttingequipment.4.2 This practice is also applicable at lower pressures wherethere is foreseeable risk of injury.4.3 This p
24、ractice is provided to assist persons unfamiliarwith the operation of water-jet cleaning and cutting equipmentin learning to correctly use the equipment.4.4 Correct operation and use of the pressure water-jetcleaning and cutting equipment requires that the operator hasfamiliarized himself with the i
25、dentification of pressure metalfittings, hoses, guns, and accessories in accordance with theoriginal equipment manufacturers specifications, instructions,and programmed instructional material only then shall hydro-jetting begin. Modification of water-jetting equipment shall notbe done without prior
26、written approval by the manufacturer ofthe equipment. Employees shall be instructed in the recogni-tion and avoidance of unsafe conditions as identified/requiredin 5.18.(WarningSerious harm or injury may result fromthe misuse of water-jetting equipment and the use of improperfittings, hoses, or atta
27、chments.)4.5 The use of pressure water-jet equipment for cutting andcleaning is a rapidly evolving technology. This practice will beperiodically reviewed for any required changes at least everyfive years.5. Apparatus5.1 Pressurizing PumpA unit designed to deliver pressurewater or other fluid with or
28、 without chemicals or particlematerial. This is usually based on positive displacement pistonsor rubber diaphragm/hydraulic systems and discharges waterinto a common manifold in which either flexible hoses or rigidtubing connect to lances and nozzles. These pumps can beeither mobile or permanently m
29、ounted.5.1.1 The pump shall have permanently mounted identifi-cation plates or tags which provide the following information:5.1.1.1 Product and supplier,5.1.1.2 Production model and serial number, or year ofproduction,5.1.1.3 Maximum performance, in terms of gallons perminute and pressure in pound-f
30、orce per square inch, and5.1.1.4 An outline of recommended safety procedures andwarnings.5.2 Relief SystemThe system shall be equipped with anautomatic relief device on the discharge side of the pump andan auxiliary relief dump device as part of the pump.5.3 Relief System-TypesThese may take the for
31、m of thefollowing:5.3.1 Pressure Relief Valve or Bursting Disk in HolderUsually mounted on the pump discharge chamber to preventthe pressure exceeding the rated maximum pressure of thewhole system.5.3.2 Automatic Pressure Regulating Valve (UnloadingValve)Limits the pressure at which the pump operate
32、s byreleasing a preset proportion of the generated flow back to thepump suction chamber or to waste. It may be used to regulatethe water pressure from the pump and is individually set foreach operation. This device may be integral with the pumphydraulic assembly. Where there is no demand for pumpage
33、,the pressure is brought down to zero.5.3.3 Bypass ValveLimits the pressure at which the pumpoperates by releasing a preset proportion of the generated flowback to the pump suction chamber or to waste. It may be usedto regulate the water pressure from the pump and is individu-ally set for each opera
34、tion. This device may be integral with thepump hydraulic assembly.5.4 Pressure GageThe system shall be equipped with agage indicating the pressure being developed. Gages shall havea scale range of at least 50 % above the maximum workingpressure of the system.5.5 Filter or StrainerThe water system sh
35、all be equippedwith a filter or strainer to prevent particles from restricting theorifices in the nozzle. The strainer or filter shall be capable ofremoving particles smaller in size than the smallest orifice inthe nozzle and usually smaller to protect pumps and othercomponents.5.6 Dry Shut-Off Cont
36、rol ValveThis operator-controlledvalve, normally hand-controlled, automatically shuts off flowto the lance or nozzle assembly, or both, when released by theoperator but retains the operating pressure within the supplyline when so shut off. This valve shall be used in systems withan automatic pressur
37、e regulating valve.5.6.1 Release the pressure in the dry shut-off valve and linewhen the pump is shut down; otherwise, the valve operatingE1575 122lever may remain alive. This valve may alternatively beactuated by solenoid or pilot pressure mechanism.5.7 Dump SystemThe system should be equipped with
38、 adevice that will either shut down the unit, idle it to lowrevolutions per minute, bypass the flow, or reduce the dis-charge pressure to a low level. The dump system shall bemanually controlled only by the nozzle orifice operator. Thedump system actuator device should be shielded to precludeinadver
39、tent operation. This device shall immediately shut offthe pressure water stream if the operator loses control.5.7.1 Dump Control ValveAn operator-controlled valve,normally hand-operated, that automatically terminates signifi-cant flow to the lance or nozzle assembly, or both, whenreleased by the noz
40、zle operator, thus relieving the operatingpressure within the whole system by diverting the flowproduced by the pump to atmosphere. A valve size should beselected that will not cause generation of significant backpressure at the maximum possible pumping rate of the pump.This valve may alternatively
41、be actuated by a solenoid or apilot pressure mechanism.5.7.2 Solenoid and Electrically Operated Control DumpSystemsAll electrically controlled dump systems should beof fail-safe design. (WarningVoltage of an alternatingcur-rent (ac) or directcurrent (dc) dump system handled bypersonnel shall not exc
42、eed 24 V.)5.8 High-Pressure Hose and CouplingsA flexible hoseand coupling that connects two components and delivers thehigh-pressure fluid to the gun or nozzle components. The hoseand fittings shall have a burst rating of a minimum of 2.5 timesthe maximum working pressure. Operating levels below thi
43、sratio should require a protective shielding around that hose andcoupling. The hose and coupling shall be marked with themanufacturers symbol, serial number, the maximum permis-sible operating pressure, and the test pressure. High-pressurehose shall be tested at 2.5 times working pressure in accor-d
44、ance with the original equipment operators specifications,test methods instructions, and training programs.5.9 End Fittings and CouplingsPressure hose end fittingsand safety couplings shall be manufactured to be compatiblewith the hose and tested as a unit.5.10 Jetting Gun ExtensionA length or lengt
45、hs of tubecarrying pressure fluid to the nozzle. Each shall be manufac-tured from material suitable to the application. End connec-tions shall be suitable for the application. The extension is usedin conjunction with a control valve. The extension shall have aminimum burst strength of at least 2.5 t
46、imes the highest actualoperating pressure used.5.11 NozzleThe nozzle creates the water jet or jets at therequired velocity, flow rate, pressure, shape, and distributionfor a particular application. Combinations of forward andbackward direct water jets are often used to balance the thrust.Such nozzle
47、s may be referred to as tips, jets, or orifices.(WarningPersonal protective equipment and nozzle guardshall be provided.)5.12 Water JetA jet stream of water produced from theindividual outlet orifice of a nozzle. The shape of the jet isdetermined by the form of the orifice, while the speed at whichi
48、t travels is determined by the orifice design, orifice area, andflow. The pressure drop at the orifice is a result of an increasein velocity. The two most commonly used jet shapes are thestraight-jet and fan-shaped jet.5.12.1 Straight JetConcentrates the stream of water overa small area of the workp
49、iece by minimizing the spread. Atypical application is for cutting, or for general cleaning ofmatter with higher shear or bond strength, or both.5.12.2 Fan JetSpreads the stream of water in one plane,thus giving a wide band coverage of the workpiece. A typicalapplication is for cleaning larger areas requiring less energy toremove unwanted matter.5.13 Jetting Hand Manifold and Spray BarsThese arepieces of equipment which individual nozzles are fitted forprotection of the workmen.5.14 Foot Control ValveThe orifice operators controlvalve may be
