1、Designation: E1593 06E1593 13Standard Guide forAssessing the Efficacy of Air Care Products in ReducingSensorly Perceived Indoor Air Malodor IntensitythePerception of Indoor Malodor1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1593; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for the qua
3、ntitative sensory assessment of perceived olfactory intensity of indoormalodors for the purpose of assessing the deodorant efficacy of air care products. This guide is limited to static conditions only.1.2 It is recognized that, though sometimes desirable, the use of actual “live” or formulated live
4、 malodors is often impracticaldue to the inherent variability of the malodor sources. A truelive malodor source may be used when practical. However, the useof a formulated odor source has several advantages, including consistency and availability.1.3 The reader should be aware of good sensory practi
5、ces when preparing the test environment or substrate, developing andtraining the panel.1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool toaddress the experimental design.1.5 This guide is a compendium of information or seri
6、es of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. Thisguide is not intended to support claims. If the research objective is claim related, then the researcher needs to refer to Guide E1958.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in
7、parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appr
8、opriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and X3.6.3.7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Materials and ProductsE544 Pr
9、actices for Referencing Suprathreshold Odor IntensityE1958 Guide for Sensory Claim Substantiation2.2 ASTMSpecial Technical Publications.3MNL 26, Sensory Testing Methods (revision of STP 434 Manual on Sensory Testing Methods)STP 758, Guidelines for the Selection and Training of Sensory Panel MembersS
10、TP 913, Physical Requirement Guidelines for Sensory Evaluation Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 For other definitions, see Terminology E253.3.2 Definitions:3.1.1 For other definitions, see Terminology E253.3.2.1 activation timethe length of time that a product is permitted to be exposed in a chamber pr
11、ior to evaluation by assessors.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on Personal Care andHousehold Evaluation.Current edition approved May 1, 2006May 1, 2013. Published June 2006May 2013. Originally
12、approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 19992006 asE1593 94 (1999).E1593 06. DOI: 10.1520/E1593-06.10.1520/E1593-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information
13、, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict a
14、ll changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
15、959. United States13.2.2 assessora general term for any individual responding to a stimuli in a sensory test.3.2.3 malodoran olfactory stimulus that, when detected, is considered unpleasant or undesirable by the target population.3.2.4 malodor controla test sample or experimental treatment consistin
16、g of a chamber containing a malodor without anyadditional malodor reducing treatment.3.2.5 malodor reduction effcacythe degree to which a product treatment or process reduces perceived malodor intensity.3.2.6 maskingthe reduction or elimination of olfactory perception of a defined odor stimulus by m
17、eans of another odoroussubstance without the physical removal or chemical alteration of the defined stimulus from the environment.3.2.7 panela group of assessors chosen to participate in a sensory test.3.2.8 product controla treatment consisting of a chamber containing product only.3.2.9 spray timet
18、he length of time in seconds for which an air care product is sprayed with the actuator depressed fully.3.2.10 synthetic modela mixture of chemical components used to represent an odor.3.2.11 trained assessoran assessor with a high degree of sensory acuity and has experience in the test procedure an
19、d anestablished ability to make consistent and repeated sensory assessments. A trained assessor functions as a member of a sensorypanel.3.2.12 treatmentwithin this guide, treatment refers to the act or manner in which one treats the area or applies to a substratefor testing.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Th
20、is practice is limited to the assessment of a specific malodor intensity by trained assessors under controlled laboratoryconditions. Methods that reflect actual consumer environmental conditions are valid for selected sensory tasks, but they may beless sensitive. Methods that include highly controll
21、ed environmental conditions will increase the chances of detecting smalldifferences among treatments. The degree of control of extraneous experimental factors in an experiment is variable and isgoverned by the purpose of the test, amount of resources available to provide that degree of control, and
22、desired level of statisticalsensitivity (see Appendix X3).4.2 The procedures described herein provide for the selection and training of individuals to perform the functions of trainedassessors, and for the presentation of treated or untreated samples, or both, to these trained assessors, in order to
23、 evoke anassessment of perceived malodor intensity. These assessments are performed under controlled conditions in order to determine theeffect of a given product in reducing the malodor intensity.4.3 Air care products should be tested in a manner that maximizes test sensitivity while remaining cons
24、istent with normalproduct usage.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of this guide is to assess the ability of air care products to reduce indoor air malodor intensity from a controlstate. Several experimental hypotheses are possible, depending on the objective of the test. Possible objectives wit
25、h respectivehypotheses are given in Appendix X1.5.2 Air care products are sold commercially with the intent of providing a means of improving the odor quality of a volumeof air, relative to some existing environmental condition. This typically involves the application of an odorous substance into th
26、eair space by means of some mechanical or physical mechanisms (for example, air fresheners). When the existing environmentincludes some undesirable odor source or malodor, reduction of the perception of the malodor is usually accomplished with otherodorous substances by masking. This procedure is al
27、so applicable to other mechanisms of odor reduction (for example, airfiltration).5.3 Selection of representative malodor sources is of critical importance. The malodor source must be readily available and ofa consistent odor quality.Areasonable malodor source should be chemically and aesthetically c
28、orrect. The experimenter and clientmust agree upon the appropriateness of a malodor source before further details of the test design are worked out. Experimentalvariation will be reduced by using uniform malodor sources. Information collected on malodor reduction will thus be morecomparable from exp
29、eriment to experiment and from laboratory to laboratory.5.4 The procedure recommended can be used for assessment of the malodor efficacy of air care product (for example, airfresheners and air filtration).5.5 These procedures can be used to assess efficacy against any standard malodor.5.6 These proc
30、edures are applicable in the assessment of any products that reduce the perception of any malodor, regardless ofthe mode of action.5.6 These procedures are applicable to aerosol/spray and continuous/solid air freshener products, including candles. It shouldbe noted that while aerosol/spray and conti
31、nuous/solid and candle product evaluations are fundamentally the same, differentE1593 132techniques may be necessary because of inherent differences in the product delivery systems.in the assessment of any products thatreduce the perception of any malodor, regardless of the mode of action.5.6.1 Thes
32、e procedures are applicable to aerosol/spray and continuous/solid air freshener products, including candles. It shouldbe noted that while aerosol/spray and continuous/solid and candle product evaluations are fundamentally the same, differenttreatment or measurement techniques may be necessary becaus
33、e of inherent differences in the product delivery systems.5.6.2 These procedures are applicable to other air care products, including absorption, chemical reaction, and particulateremoval.5.8 These procedures are applicable to other air care products, including absorption, chemical reaction, and par
34、ticulate removal.5.7 This guide is designed for use for product research guidance in product formulation and new product development, and forquality control issues.6. Precautions6.1 Extreme care should be taken when handling and preparing samples under conditions that will maintain the odorless stat
35、eof the laboratory area.6.2 Appropriate safety precautions should be taken when handling all chemical compounds.7. Selection of Assessors7.1 PurposeThe purpose of this series of tests is to screen potential assessors for a malodor efficacy panel. The screeningdetermines olfactory acuity, specific an
36、osmia to malodorants, malodorants and fragrance ingredients that are likely components inair care products, interest, and, if so, availability for testing. It is very important to know if your assessors have any anosmias and,if so, to what particular odors.This will allow them to be excused from eva
37、luating odor control products used against that particularodor. This screening of potential assessors should be divided into two phases (interview and testing). The two phases should beconducted as separate sessions (see STP 758 (1)3 for panelist assessors selection considerations).7.2 Panelist Recr
38、uitmentIn order to ensure an adequate number of assessors for testing, a larger number should be recruited.This is to offset the attrition experienced in interviewing, testing, and training based on the assumption that roughly half the numberof recruits will fail. A final number of assessors should
39、be selected in advance. A panel size of 20 is typically recommended fora scaling experiment. However, through monitoring panel performance, the researcher may determine that fewer than 20 assessorsare acceptable. Refer to ASTM MNL 26(2) or Kraemer and Thieman (13), or both, for other considerations
40、affecting sample size.7.3 Interview (15 min)During the interview, it is important that the trained assessors fully understand the nature of the testingfor which he/she is volunteering, including the types of malodors to be used in malodor testing. If the potential assessor does notfeel he/she can ov
41、ercome any negative biases in experiencing such malodors, they should not participate. In addition, he/she shouldbe made aware of and agree to the time commitment expected, scheduling of testing, and “good testing practices” such as thefollowing: refraining from smoking for at least 1 h before testi
42、ng, refraining from wearing perfume or after-shave on the day oftesting, and so forth.Ashort questionnaire regarding the persons physical health should be administered to determine whether thecandidate has nasal or upper respiratory allergies, asthma, or is prone to frequent colds. These conditions
43、may result in a decreasein an assessors sensitivity and performance.7.4 TestingThe key concept in this phase of screening is to ensure that the panel is able to (1) discriminate, and (2) detect thedesignated malodorant(s). A sequential analysis technique is one way to accomplish this (24).7.4.1 Recr
44、uits should be tested to determine their ability to detect and discriminate the malodors of interest.Appropriate testingmethods for assessing ability include discrimination, ranking, or intensity scaling, or a combination thereof.7.4.2 The malodorant(s) in question should be the focus of the screeni
45、ng. Several concentrations of each of the malodorant(s)should be chosen for this testing. The concentrations should be representative of intensities experienced during regular malodorefficacy testing to include high and low levels.7.4.3 Selected concentrations of each of the malodorants should be pr
46、esented to recruits in a manner consistent with thedifference testing procedure described in ASTM MNL 26.26(2).7.4.4 The selection of assessors should first rest on the results of the acuity testing. Additional subjective tests for selectedassessors may be necessary to accept or reject them (that is
47、, attitude, timeliness, and compliance). If the number of recruits isgreater than required, the additional subjective information gained from the interview process should be applied.8. Training of Panel8.1 PurposeThe purpose of the experimental procedures discussed here is to recommend a program of
48、training for a groupof qualified individuals to perform malodor efficacy assessments.8.2 Panel training is accomplished in three phases: (1) orientation, (2) mock deodorancy studies, and (3) regular monitoring ofpanelist performance (see STP 758(1) for panel training considerations).3 The boldface n
49、umbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.E1593 1338.2.1 OrientationA brief orientation sessionOne or more orientation sessions should be held for the trainees. The objectiveof the orientation is to familiarize the assessors with the task of evaluating malodor efficacy as objectively as possible in order toreduce the experimental error. Orientation should include introducing the assessors to each other and to test personnel involvedin conducting malodor efficacy, explaining the purpose of malodor efficacy testing in
