1、Designation: E1643 18E1643 18aStandard Practice forSelection, Design, Installation, and Inspection of WaterVapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth or Granular FillUnder Concrete Slabs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1643; the number immediately following the designation indic
2、ates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for selecti
3、ng, designing, installing, and inspecting flexible, prefabricated sheet membranesin contact with earth or granular fill used as vapor retarders under concrete slabs.1.2 Conditions subject to frost and either heave or hydrostatic pressure, or both, are beyond the scope of this practice. Vaporretarder
4、s are not intended to provide a waterproofing function.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not p
5、urport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standa
6、rd was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Refere
7、nced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Soil or Granular Fill under Concrete SlabsE1993/E1993M Specification for Bituminous Water Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Soil or Granular Fill Under ConcreteSlabsF710 Practice for Prepa
8、ring Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Flooring2.2 Other Standard:3ACI 302.2R06 Guide for Concrete Slabs that Receive Moisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Vapor retarders provide a method of limiting water vapor transmission and capillary transport of water upward throu
9、ghconcrete slabs on grade, which can adversely affect floor finishes and interior humidity levels.3.2 Adverse impacts include adhesion loss, warping, peeling, and unacceptable appearance of resilient flooring; deteriorationof adhesives, ripping or separation of seams, and air bubbles or efflorescenc
10、e beneath seamed, continuous flooring; damage to flatelectrical cable systems, buckling of carpet and carpet tiles, offensive odors, growth of fungi, and undesired increases to interiorhumidity levels.4. Manufacturers Recommendations4.1 Where inconsistencies occur between this practice and the manuf
11、acturers instructions, conform to the manufacturersinstructions for installation of vapor retarder.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21 on Serviceability.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 20
12、18Feb. 15, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as E1643-11(2017). -18. DOI: 10.1520/E1643-18.10.1520/E1643-18A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
13、or Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr., Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439, http:/www.concrete.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intend
14、ed only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current
15、 versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Material, Design, and Construction5.1 See ACI 302.2R06 for material, design, and construction re
16、commendations.5.2 See Specifications E1745 and E1993/E1993M for vapor retarder specifications.5.3 Vapor Retarder Material SelectionThe following criteria should be considered when selecting a vapor retarder material.5.3.1 Local building code and regulatory requirements.5.3.1.1 Comply with local buil
17、ding code and regulatory requirements as a minimum consideration.5.3.2 The water-vapor permeance of the vapor retarder material.5.3.2.1 The water vapor permeance of the vapor retarder material shall be at such a rate so that adverse impacts to floor finishesand coatings do not occur5.3.2.2 Refer to
18、X1.6 for discussion on water vapor transmission rate of vapor retarder.5.3.2.3 The perm rating determined under these criteria shall supersede that in references 5.2 should this value be less thanrequired under references in 5.2.5.3.3 The types and amounts of deleterious compounds in the soil on the
19、 building site.5.3.3.1 Review building site soil analyses for deleterious materials and compounds and select a vapor retarder material that willwithstand exposure to such deleterious materials or compounds.5.3.4 The tensile strength and puncture resistance of the vapor retarder material.5.3.4.1 Sele
20、ct a vapor retarder material capable of withstanding potential construction site damage.5.3.5 The type of base material on which the vapor retarder is to be installed.5.3.5.1 Select vapor retarder material capable of withstanding tear or puncture damage due to the type, gradation, and textureof the
21、base material to be installed below the material. Prepare base material to minimize risk of puncture, for example, by rollingor compacting.5.3.6 The expected exposure of the vapor retarder to ultraviolet rays.5.3.6.1 Assess expected exposure of the vapor retarder material to ultra violet rays and se
22、lect a material capable of withstandingsuch exposure and maintain its capability to perform its intended function.6. Placement6.1 Level and compact base material.6.2 Install vapor retarder material with the longest dimension parallel with the direction of concrete pour.6.3 Face laps away from the ex
23、pected direction of the concrete pour whenever possible.6.4 Extend vapor retarder over footings and seal to foundation wall, grade beam, or slab at an elevation consistent with the topof the slab or terminate at impediments such as water stops or dowels. Seal around penetrations such as utilities an
24、d columns inorder to create a monolithic membrane between the surface of the slab and moisture sources below the slab as well as at the slabperimeter.6.5 Lap joints minimum 6 in. (150 mm), or as instructed by the manufacturer, and seal laps in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations.6.6 Ext
25、end vapor retarder over the tops of pile caps and grade beams to a distance acceptable to the structural engineer andterminate as recommended by the manufacturer.7. Protection7.1 Take precautions to protect vapor retarder from damage during installation of reinforcing steel, utilities and concrete.7
26、.2 Use reinforcing bar supports with base sections that minimize the potential for puncture of the vapor retarder.7.3 Avoid use of stakes driven through the vapor retarder.7.4 Refer to ACI 302.2R06 for discussion of aggregate for protection of vapor retarder, including the risks of installingaggrega
27、te fill above a vapor retarder that can act as a reservoir for water.8. Inspection and Repair8.1 Inspect and mark all areas of damage and insufficient installation of the vapor retarder sufficiently in advance of concreteplacement such that deficiencies may be corrected before concrete is placed.8.2
28、 Repair damaged areas prior to concrete placement with vapor retarder material lapped and sealed minimum of 6 in. (150mm) beyond damaged area or as instructed by manufacturer.9. Slab Moisture Content9.1 Moisture Conditions of SlabFollowing placement of the concrete and acclimatization of the buildin
29、g, comply withPractice F710 and floor covering manufacturers recommendations for any specified tests for moisture emissions from or moistureE1643 18a2content of the slab on grade. Review written report(s) on test results prior to the installation of the floor covering or coatinginstallation. Obtain
30、written approval of acceptable slab conditions from the floor covering manufacturer and project designprofessional.9.2 See ACI 302.2R06.9. Keywords9.1 concrete slabs; vapor; vapor retarderAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PRE-DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSX1.1 Planning and Organization of ConstructionTo
31、avoid ambiguities, redundancies, conflicts, and omissions, plan theorganization and coordination of drawings and specifications so that graphic, dimensional, and descriptive information onsubgrade, granular base, vapor retarder, and protection course, if any, appears in only one place. Since the rel
32、ationship of thesubgrade (pad) elevation (usually shown on grading plans) to the rest of the building finish floor elevations and finished site gradesis a function of the depth of the granular base and protection course, these dimensions should be shown in only one place. Forgraphic depictions and d
33、imensions of the granular base and the protection course, the architectural drawings are preferred, butstructural drawings are sometimes used. Specifications for sub-base conditions should be in the grading section. Specifications forbase, vapor retarder, and protection course should be in the secti
34、on on concrete, but there are advocates of a separate section inDivision 7 for the vapor retarder system. Examination and testing of surface conditions should be in appropriate finish sections.X1.2 SchedulingDetermine if slab drying will be on the critical path for schedule occupancy. If so, plan me
35、asures to reducedrying times, mitigate moisture, or select floor finish materials not subject to damage by moisture.X1.3 GeotechnicalEnsure that the geotechnical survey includes comprehensive and reliable information on subsurface watertable levels and the hydrology of geological strata as well as h
36、istorical data on surface flooding and hydrology. The survey shouldalso include a list of compounds and concentration levels that are deleterious to plastic materials. The geotechnical study shouldconsider not only the past but also the projected change from ongoing or anticipated development patter
37、ns. Soils with comparablyhigher clay contents are particularly troublesome because the relatively high capillary action within the clay allows moisture torise under the slab.X1.4 CivilEnsure that site topographic surveys and grading plans accurately and comprehensively establish surface drainagechar
38、acteristics for the site and surrounding areas.X1.5 Landscape and IrrigationMost traditional geotechnical studies do not take into account the post-construction change inground moisture conditions due to introduced planting and irrigation which is a major problem. For example, in California coastala
39、reas, the average annual rainfall is about 18 in. (457 mm). Turf irrigation amounting to 1.3 in. (33 mm) of water per week overthe normal seven-month dry season will increase this to nearly 60 in. (1524 mm) with almost no runoff. It is not enough to assumethat irrigation will simply duplicate natura
40、l conditions encountered during the wet season. The landscape architect, geotechnicalengineer, and civil engineer should closely coordinate design recommendations to avoid moisture problems introduced orexacerbated by landscape planting and irrigation. Once a project is completed, effective irrigati
41、on management is instrumental notonly in water conservation but also in avoiding potential building-related moisture problems.X1.6 Water Vapor Permeance of Vapor RetarderIn order to prevent moisture damage to the slab on grade, floor coveringsystems and floor coating systems the water vapor permeanc
42、e of the vapor retarder material shall be such that accumulation ofmoisture in the slab through the vapor retarder material does not occur. The vapor pressures of the below grade environment andthe interior environment shall be calculated and analyzed. For humidity sensitive interior environments, c
43、alculate the effect ofvapor diffusion through the vapor retarder, slab on grade and, if applicable, the floor covering or coating on the interior humiditylevels. Select a vapor retarder material with a water vapor permeance rating that will maintain interior humidity levels withinspecified tolerance
44、s. The water vapor permeance of flooring material or coating shall be obtained, if available. Calculate theamount of moisture entering the slab through the vapor retarder material. Calculate the amount of moisture that can diffuse throughE1643 18a3the flooring material. Insure that the water vapor p
45、ermeance of the vapor retarder material does not allow accumulation of moisturewithin the slab due to water vapor permeance of the flooring material. Analyze soil temperatures with regard to heat flux throughthe slab on grade as well as interior temperature and RH levels. Determine if conditions exi
46、st for a dew point within the slab. Ifsuch conditions can potentially exist, analyze the amount of moisture accumulation within the slab versus the drying potential ofthe slab through its top surface, and if applicable, through the floor covering system to determine if prolonged and detrimentalwetti
47、ng of the slab will occur. If so, incorporate measures to eliminate conditions for a dew point to occur. One such measure isinstalling an insulation layer directly below the slab and vapor retarder.X1.7 Moisture Entrapment Due to Rainfall or Ground Water IntrusionMoisture entrapment can occur beneat
48、h slabs when thevapor retarder is placed below a fill course or vapor retarder protection layer, and the fill material takes on water from rainfall,saw-cutting, curing, cleaning or other sources. If a fill course or vapor retarder protection layer is used, the extent of moistureentrapment can be red
49、uced by scheduling concrete placements before rainfall and by sealing any entry points for water in thecompleted slab. If a fill course or vapor retarder protection layer is used, the vapor retarder must be turned up at the perimeter ofthe slab to protect the fill course from lateral entrance of moisture.X1.8 Ensure there is no water accumulation on top of the vapor retarder prior to placing of concrete.X1.9 Moisture Conditions of SlabFollowing placement of the concrete and acclimatization of the building, comply with PracticeF710 and floor covering manufacture
