1、Designation: E1648 95 (Reapproved 2011)E1648 15Standard Reference Radiographs forExamination of Aluminum Fusion Welds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion w
3、elds that maybe revealed by radiographic examination. These reference radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these discontinuities,rather they provide a visual reference for communicating the acceptable level.NOTE 1The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (812 by 11 in.
4、 (22 by 28 cm), covering base material up to and including 0.75 in.(19 mm) in thickness.1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are applicableto the thickness ranges shown in Table 1. The welds were produced using base material plate
5、s of 6061 and 5083 alloys and 5356and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes. These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating radiographs of weldsin wrought aluminum products. They are not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials; however, they areappropriate for use with
6、assembly or fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and magnesium castings are availablein Reference Radiographs E155 and E505.1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities. Table 2 lists the discontinuity typesand severities illustrated f
7、or each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1through 5, in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.1.4 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of
8、 the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for thecardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and allreference radio
9、graphs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance levelrepresented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless of the date of production or the revision level of t
10、he text standard.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety co
11、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1
12、55 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium CastingsE505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die CastingsE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of WeldmentsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations1 These reference radiographs are unde
13、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02on Reference Radiological Images.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011Sept. 1, 2015. Published August 2011September 2015. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition appr
14、oved in 20062011as E1648 - 95(2006).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/E1648-95R11.10.1520/E1648-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends tha
16、t users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Refer
17、ence Radiographs for Aluminum Fusion Welds:Volume 1, Thicknesses Up to and Including 0.75 in. (19 mm)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms relating to X-ray and gamma radiology, as used in these reference radiographs, may befound in Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 Use of th
18、ese reference radiographs requires agreement between the using parties as to the acceptable level of eachdiscontinuity type. Illustrations are provided for welds in 0.125-in. (3.2-mm) thick material and 0.50-in. (12.7-mm) thick material.These illustrations are intended to be representative of base m
19、aterial thicknesses up to 0.75 in. (19 mm). Use of these referenceradiographs is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy level or the absolute thickness limits that are illustrated. Thesereference radiographs may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy lev
20、els or thicknesses, or both,for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Standard reference radiographs should be usedin accordance with contractual specifications.5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs5.1 The illustrations in Volume 1 are photographic reproducti
21、ons of a master radiographic set. The radiographs were made toa quality level of at least 22T in accordance with Guide E94. Additional details regarding the radiographic technique used areprovided in Test Method E1032.5.2 The radiographic exposures were controlled so as to produce a density of 2.00
22、to 2.25 in a selected location on the weldbead. Not all areas of the image will fall within this range. The reproductions used in Volume 1 were prepared to the same targetdensity requirements and they substantially retain the contrast and detail of the original radiographs.5.3 Film DeteriorationThe
23、extent to which images on the radiograph deteriorate over time is a function of storage conditions,care in handling, and amount of use. Reference radiographs are no exception and may exhibit signs of deterioration over time. Theradiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signs of deter
24、ioration, including scratches, abrasions, stains, etc. Anyreference radiographs that show signs of loss of image quality, excessive wear and tear which influence the interpretation and useshould be replaced.6. Description of Discontinuities6.1 Porosity, occurs as voids caused by gas trapped in the w
25、eld metal deposit. The voids may occur as spherical, elongated, or“worm hole” shapes and in patterns that are random, clustered, or aligned. On a radiograph the spherical voids have the appearance3 Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE1648.TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness RangesIllustration Thickn
26、ess,in. (mm) Base Material Thickness, in. (mm)0.125 (3.2)0.50 (12.7)to and including 0.375 (9.5)over 0.375 (9.5) to and including 0.75 (19)TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thicknessof Base MaterialDiscontinuity TypeBase Material Thickness, in. (mm) andGrading0.125 (3.2) 0.50 (12
27、.7)Fine scattered porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5Coarse scattered porosity . Grades 1 through 5Aligned porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5Clustered porosity . UngradedIncomplete penetration Ungraded UngradedTungsten inclusions . UngradedUndercut Ungraded UngradedCracks (lon
28、gitudinal andtransverse)Ungraded UngradedCrater crack . UngradedE1648 152of a rounded dark area while the nonspherical voids have an elongated dark area with a smooth outline. Aligned porosity appearsas a string of pores which are generally aligned with the direction of a weld pass. The spacing betw
29、een the pores may be relativelyuniform or irregular.6.2 Tungsten inclusions, are tungsten particles entrapped in the weld deposit. These inclusions are particles broken off or meltedfrom the electrodes and may be caused by faulty equipment or poor welding technique. On the radiograph, the tungsten i
30、nclusionsare lighter than the surrounding areas and may be rounded or irregularly shaped.6.3 Incomplete penetration, is a discontinuity that occurs at the root of welds where full penetration has not been achieved. Thediscontinuity generally appears on a radiograph as a straight dark line that may b
31、e either continuous or intermittent. The indicationis typically a sharply defined line or two parallel lines depending upon the specific geometry of the joint and the width of thediscontinuity (see Note 2).NOTE 2Some welds may be designed for, or permit, incomplete penetration of the weld. Appropria
32、te drawings and specifications must be consultedto determine whether the indication represents an unacceptable condition. Where the condition exceeds specification limits, it is referred to by somespecifications (for example, American Welding Society (AWS) as Inadequate Penetration.6.4 Acrack, is a
33、rupture of solidified metal. Cracks associated with welding may be longitudinal, transverse, or radially orientedand may occur in the weld metal, base metal, or through both. When the plane of the crack is aligned with the direction of theradiation beam, its radiographic image will appear as a well-
34、defined jagged or a relatively straight line. As the plane of the crackdeviates from the direction of the radiation beam, the appearance of the crack becomes increasingly broad and poorly defined.6.4.1 Longitudinal cracks, are oriented in a direction that is generally parallel to the weld bead.6.4.2
35、 Transverse cracks, are oriented such that they tend to cross (at least partially) the weld bead.6.4.3 Radially oriented cracks are called crater cracks, because they generally originate in a weld bead crater.6.5 An undercut, is a longitudinal groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the edge o
36、f the weld. An undercut may beobserved by visual examination.Another type of undercut may occur in backing strip joints where the backing strip is left in place.It is caused by a melting away of the base metal at the root. This type is generally termed“ root undercut.” It appears on theradiograph as
37、 a relatively straight and narrow or broad dark line and can be located on either or both sides of the root openinglocation.7. Application of Reference Radiographs7.1 The following procedures are recommended in specifying acceptance standards and in the application of such standards tofilm interpret
38、ation.7.1.1 In specifying the use of these reference radiographs, the level of acceptance for each of the illustrated conditions must bespecified. Additional acceptance criteria may also need to be specified for which these reference radiographs may or may notprovide a useful vehicle for judging acc
39、eptance.7.1.2 The graded reference radiographs may be used in whole or in part as applicable to the particular requirements.7.1.3 The extent of the weldment to which the selected graded reference applies shall be established.7.1.4 The agreed upon acceptance criteria should specify how the dispositio
40、n of a part is to be made when two or morecategories of discontinuity are present in the same radiograph or region of the component.7.2 When the production radiograph is interpreted as showing equal or less severe discontinuities than the selected gradedreference, the weld shall be judged acceptable
41、. When the production radiograph is interpreted as showing greater severity than theselected graded reference, the weld shall be judged unacceptable and shall be rejected or repaired, or both, in accordance withcontractual agreements.7.2.1 When repair welding is permitted, the repair need only be to
42、 that extent which will bring the weld quality to within theacceptable limits.7.3 Production radiographs showing indications of a distributed discontinuity, such as porosity, shall be evaluated by the overallcondition with regard to size, number, and distribution. It is not the intent that the maxim
43、um size of the discontinuity shown onthe reference radiograph shall be the limiting size for a single production radiographic discontinuity, or that the number ofdiscontinuities shown on the reference radiograph shall be the limiting number for production radiographs. Each of the factors ofsize, num
44、ber, and distribution must be considered in balance.8. Keywords8.1 aluminum; discontinuities; radiograph density; reference radiographs; welds; X-rayE1648 153APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONSX1.1 In selecting the reference radiographs, the attempt was made to obtain a pro
45、gressively increasing severity of grades for eachdiscontinuity type. It is not implied that the same grade number designation represents equivalent severity for all types ofdiscontinuities. To arrive at acceptance standards, each type of discontinuity should be considered individually, and an approp
46、riategrade (severity) designation applicable to the type should be assigned.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validit
47、y of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments
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