1、Designation: E1656/E1656M 11 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forClassification of Automated Pavement Condition SurveyEquipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1656/E1656M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information for classifying the mea-surement capability of pavement condition
3、survey equipmentor instrumentation that measures longitudinal profile, trans-verse profile or cracking of pavement surfaces while operatingat or near traffic speeds.1.2 The measuring equipment or instrumentation, addressedby the guide, samples and stores measurement data whileoperating at or near tr
4、affic speeds.1.3 This guide does not address equipment that operates attraffic speeds but is incapable of measuring profile or indi-vidual crack characteristics, such as response-type roughnessmeasuring systems and semi-automated distress recordingsystems.1.4 This guide provides measurement criteria
5、 and classifi-cation for use in a range of applications.1.5 The measurement criteria apply to longitudinal profile,transverse profile, or the cracking of pavement surfaces.1.6 This guide does not address the processing of measureddata.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare t
6、o be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of
7、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E456 Terminology Relating
8、 to Quality and Statistics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 characteristic, ndirectly measurable distinguishingproperty of the pavement surface.3.1.1.1 DiscussionExamples are pavement longitudinalprofile, transverse profile, and separations in the continuity ofa
9、pavement surface.3.1.2 dynamic intermediate precision, nprecision of themeasurement of a characteristic determined under dynamicintermediate precision conditions in which the same equipmentmoving at operating speed measures the characteristic at thesame location repeatedly, in accordance with the pr
10、ocedurespecified in 7.2.3.1.3 longitudinal profile, nperpendicular deviations ofthe pavement surface from an established reference parallel tothe lane direction, usually measured in the wheel tracks.3.1.4 resolution, nsmallest increment that a characteristic-measuring process must distinguish and di
11、splay.3.1.5 stationary repeatability precision, nprecision of themeasurement of a characteristic determined under repeatabilitycondition with the instrumented equipment stationary, in ac-cordance with the procedure specified in 7.1.3.1.6 tolerance, ndefined limits of allowable (acceptable)departure
12、from the true value of a measured quantity.4. Significance and Use4.1 Highway agencies, equipment manufacturers, and otherorganizations can use this guide to classify the measuringcapabilities of pavement condition survey equipment thatoperates at traffic speeds and collect some of the data useful i
13、ncharacterizing pavement conditions.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved
14、 in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1656/E1656M 11.DOI: 10.1520/E1656_E1656M-11R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
15、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 The vertical measurement resolution, sample interval,and crack width capabilities as specified in Section 5 aresubject to user verification.5.
16、Guidelines5.1 Classification:5.1.1 Attribute Measurement Category:5.1.1.1 The measuring capability of condition survey equip-ment is described by a set of attribute measurement categories,each designating the capability of measuring an individualpavement attribute. The designated attributes covered
17、are:(1) longitudinal profile,(2) transverse profile, and(3) crack width.5.1.2 Code:5.1.2.1 The measurement capability in each category isdesignated by the sequence of codes each representing a typeor level of measurement capability, as follows:(1) First codeMeasured attribute (alphabetic),(2) Second
18、 codeStationary repeatability precision(numeric),(3) Third codeLongitudinal sampling interval (numeric),(4) Fourth codeTransverse sampling interval (numeric),and(5) Fifth codeTransverse coverage (numeric).5.1.3 Code values:5.1.3.1 The values of each code are defined in the followingsections:5.2 Equi
19、pment for Measuring Longitudinal ProfileEquipment capability is defined by vertical-measurement sta-tionary repeatability precision, transverse sampling frequency,and longitudinal sampling interval. Equipment capability isdivided into the classes shown in Table 1.5.2.1 If equipment can measure verti
20、cally with a stationaryrepeatability precision of 0.15 mm 0.06 in., a movinglongitudinal sampling interval of 125 mm 5 in. and atransverse sampling of three profiles per pass, it is a Code L221unit.5.3 Equipment for Measuring Transverse ProfileEquipment capability is defined by vertical-measurement
21、sta-tionary repeatability precision, transverse sampling intervaland longitudinal sampling interval. Equipment capability isdivided into the classes shown in Table 2.5.3.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a stationaryrepeatability precision of 0.3 mm 0.012 in., a movinglongitudinal sampling
22、interval of 2 m 6.5 ft, a transversesampling interval of 150 mm 6 in. and a transverse coverageof 2.0 m 6.5 ft, it is a Code T3233 unit.5.4 Equipment for Measuring Cracking of PavementSurfacesEquipment capability depends on the stationaryrepeatability precision with which crack width can bemeasured,
23、 the transverse sampling interval and the longitudinalsampling interval. The capability of equipment is divided intothe classes shown in Table 3.5.4.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a crackwidth stationary repeatability precision of 0.7 mm 0.028 in.,a longitudinal sampling of 0.3 mm 0.012
24、in., a transversesampling interval of 5 mm 0.20 in. and a transverse coverageof 2.0 m 6.5 ft, it is a Code C3253 unit.6. Applications6.1 The measures addressed by this guide support pavementmanagement for roads, airfields, and other paved areas. Lon-gitudinal profile, transverse profile, and crack i
25、nformation cancontribute to understanding pavement performance. The appro-priate measurement level depends on the application.6.2 Longitudinal ProfileApplications of longitudinal pro-file data include the following:6.2.1 Computing roughness statistics such as InternationalRoughness Index (IRI) and r
26、ide quality statistics such as RideNumber,6.2.2 Estimating road user costs,6.2.3 Modeling roughness so that future roughness can bepredicted,TABLE 1 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Longitudinal ProfileCharacteristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute L Longitudinal ProfileVertical measurement Stationa
27、ry Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.1 mm 0.004 in.2 Greater than 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm 0.004 in. to0.008 in.3 Greater than 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm 0.008 in. to0.020 in.4 Greater than 0.5 mm 0.20 in.Longitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 25 mm 1 in.2 Greater than 25 mm to 150 mm 1
28、in. to 6 in.3 Greater than 150 mm to 300 mm 6 in. to 12 in.4 Greater than 300 mm 12 in.Transverse sampling Number of profiles per pass1 3 or more profiles2 2 profiles3 1 profileTransverse coverage NAANAAANot applicable.TABLE 2 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Transverse ProfileCharacteristic Code Descr
29、iptionMeasured Attribute T Transverse ProfileVertical measurement Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.1 mm 0.004 in.2 Greater than 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm 0.004 in. to0.008 in.3 Greater than 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm 0.008 in. to0.020 in.4 Greater than 0.5 mm 0.20 in.Longitudinal sampling In
30、terval1 Less than or equal to 300 mm 1 ft2 Greaterthan300mmto3m1ftto10ft3 Greaterthan3mto30m10ftto100ft4 Greater than 30 m 100 ftTransverse sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 25 mm 1 in.2 Greater than 25 mm to 100 mm 1 in. to 4 in.3 Greater than 100 mm to 300 mm 4 in. to 12 in.4 Greater than 3
31、00 mm to 600 mm 12 in. to 24 in.5 Greater than 600 mm 24 in.Transverse coverage Width1 Greater than 3.7 m 12 ft2 Greaterthan2.7mto3.7m9ftto12ft3 Greaterthan1.8mto2.7m6ftto9ft4 Less than or equal to 1.8 m 6 ftE1656/E1656M 11 (2016)26.2.4 Identifying probable causes of pavement deteriorationfrom the n
32、ature of the elevation and wave band spectra,6.2.5 Estimating the effect of pavement maintenance andrehabilitation on roughness and ride quality,6.2.6 Estimating material quantity for overlay treatments,and6.2.7 Providing a reference to determine construction quan-tities such as areas warranting gri
33、nding, leveling to correctgrade and longitudinal profile, and milling requirements atfaulted joints and cracks.6.3 Transverse ProfileApplications for transverse profiledata include the following:6.3.1 Computing rut depth,6.3.2 Modeling rut depth to predict future rut depth,6.3.3 Using the shape of t
34、he transverse profile to indicate thecause of rutting, and6.3.4 Estimating material quantities for overlays and cor-recting rutting.6.4 Cracking of Pavement SurfacesApplications for crackwidth data include the following:6.4.1 Estimating pavement cracking distress or condition,6.4.2 Estimating the qu
35、antity of crack seal material, and6.4.3 Prediction of future cracking distress.7. Procedure7.1 Stationary Repeatability PrecisionFor the purposes ofdetermining the measurement classification codes specified inSection 5, this precision shall be the d2s deviation (as specifiedin Terminology E456) dete
36、rmined from a series of repeatedmeasurements of the attribute being measured as follows:7.1.1 Longitudinal Profile Sensors(1) With the equipmentstationary, place a flat level plate under each longitudinalprofile sensor. (2) Switch on the sensor(s), record the sensorreading(s), and switch off the sen
37、sor(s). All sensors may bemonitored at the same time. Perform this measurement cycleten times without adjustment of the instrumentation. (3)Normalize the measurements of a sensor by subtracting themean value of the ten readings from each reading. (4) Place acalibration block 25 6 0.01 mm 1.0 6 0.04
38、in. thick on theplate beneath the sensor. (5) Perform the measurements tentimes in the same manner as (2) and normalize the values as in(3 ). (6) Determine the standard deviation of the 20 normalizedmeasurements performed for each sensor. Determine the d2svalue for each sensor as 2.83 times the stan
39、dard deviation ofthe measurements. Determine the stationary repeatability pre-cision as the average of the d2s values for all longitudinalprofile sensors.7.1.2 Transverse Profile SensorsFor each transverse pro-file sensor, repeat the procedure described in 7.1.1 to determinethe stationary repeatabil
40、ity precision for all transverse profilesensors.7.1.3 Cracking Sensors. (1) With the equipment stationary,place a flat smooth plate, which is at least 50 % larger than thesensed area in each dimension and has no surface discontinui-ties greater than 0.01 mm 0.004 in. in width or 0.01 mm0.004 in. in
41、depth, beneath each cracking sensor. (2) Switchon the crack sensor(s), record the sensor reading(s), and switchoff the sensor(s). Perform the measurement ten times. Allsensors may be measured at the same time. (3) Normalize themeasurements by subtracting the mean value of the tenreadings from each r
42、eading. (4) Place a flat smooth platehaving the same horizontal dimensions as the plate in (1), athickness of 20 mm 0.75 in., and a linear slot 3 6 0.05 mm0.125 6 0.02 in. wide and 15 mm 0.6 in. deep traversing thefull width of the plate, beneath each cracking sensor. (5)Perform ten measurements in
43、the same manner as specified in(2) and normalize them as in (3). (6) Rotate the plate specifiedin (4) through 90, and repeat the measurements specified in(1). (7) Determine the standard deviation of the 30 measure-ments performed for each sensor. Determine the d2s value foreach sensor as 2.83 times
44、the standard deviation of themeasurements. Determine the stationary repeatability precisionas the average of the d2s values for all cracking sensors.7.2 Dynamic Intermediate PrecisionWith the equipmentmoving at normal operating speed, make ten repeat measure-ments at an identified pavement location
45、using all sensors. Thebeginning and end of each test section shall be marked so thatthey are identified in the data. This may be done either bymanual or automated means. Normalize the measurements bysubtracting the mean value recorded for each sensor from eachreading of that sensor. Perform similar
46、sets of measurements ata total of three locations with conditions of the measuredcharacteristics representing the range of conditions to beexpected under normal operations. Calculate the d2s values foreach sensor from all normalized measurements from thatsensor. Determine the dynamic intermediate pr
47、ecision for themeasurement of this characteristic as the average of the d2svalues for all sensors.TABLE 3 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Cracking ofPavement SurfacesCharacteristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute C Cracking of Pavement SurfaceCrack width Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less tha
48、n or equal to 0.50 mm 0.02 in.2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1.0 mm 0.02 in. to 0.0in.3 Greater than 1.0 mm to 3 mm 0.04 in. to 0.12 in.4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm0.12in.to0.20in.5 Greater than 5 mm 0.20 in.Longitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm 0.02 in.2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1 mm 0.0
49、2 in. to 0.04in.3 Greaterthan1mmto3mm0.04in.to0.12in.4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm0.12in.to0.20in.5 Greater than 5 mm 0.20 in.Transverse sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm 0.02 in.2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1 mm 0.02 in. to 0.04in.3 Greaterthan1mmto3mm0.04in.to0.12in.4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm0.12in.to0.20in.5 Greater than 5 mm 0.20 in.Transverse coverage Width1 Greater than 3.7 m 12 ft2 Greaterthan2.7mto3.7m9ftto12ft3 Greaterthan1.8mto2.7m6f
