1、Designation: E1705 15Standard TerminologyRelating to Biotechnology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1705; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This document is composed of terms, definitions ofterms, descriptions of terms, and acronyms used in ASTMdocuments related to the field of biotechnology. Terms th
3、at areadequately defined in a general dictionary are not defined inthis terminology standard.1.2 This standard includes terminology used in biotechnol-ogy areas, such as, but not limited to: biological drug products,materials for biotechnology, characterization and identificationof biological system
4、s, aseptic sampling, preservation of bio-logical samples, membrane filters, molecular biology, biomassconversion, fuel manufacturing facilities, and fuel analysis.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E870 Test Methods for Analysis of Wood FuelsE1126 Terminology Relating to Biomass Fuels (Withd
5、rawn2003)3E1287 Practice forAseptic Sampling of Biological Materials(Withdrawn 2008)3E1344 Guide for Evaluation of Fuel Ethanol ManufacturingFacilitiesE1357 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Bioleachingof Iron From Pyrite by Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans (With-drawn 2010)32.2 Federal Standards:Tit
6、le 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 210 and21143. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aerobicable to live, grow, or take place only where freeoxygen is present. E1126aerobic fermentationfermentation processes that requirethe presence of air. E1126anaerobicliving or active in an airless environmen
7、t. E1126anaerobic bacteriamicrobes whose metabolisms require theabsence of free oxygen. E1126anaerobic digestera chemical reactor in which anaerobicbacteria are used to decompose biomass or organic wastes toproduce methane and carbon dioxide. E1126anaerobic digestiondegradation of organic matter by
8、mi-crobes in the absence of air (oxygen) to produce methaneand carbon dioxide (biogas). E1126anaerobic fermentationfermentation processes conductedin the absence of air. The following anaerobic fermentationprocesses are significant in obtaining useful forms of energyfrom biomass: (1) alcoholic ferme
9、ntation, fermentation pro-cesses whereby certain microorganisms convert glucose andother substrates with alcohol as an end product, (2 ) methanefermentation, generally termed anaerobic digestion (See alsoanaerobic digestion). E1126anhydrousa material that does not contain water eitherabsorbed on its
10、 surface or as water of crystallization; awater-free product. E1126aseptic samplingsampling process in which no extraneousmicroorganisms or substances are introduced into the sampleor its original bulk material as a result of the samplingsystem and activity. E1287ashinorganic residue remaining after
11、 combustion, deter-mined by definite prescribed methods. E1126ash fusion temperaturemelting point of ash, usually ex-pressed in degrees Fahrenheit. Variations include oxidizingatmosphere or reducing atmosphere, initial softening, orfinal fluid temperature. Some specifications include twointermediate
12、 points between initial softening and final fluid.E1126bagasseresidue remaining after extraction of a sugar-containing juice from plants like sugar cane. E11261This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E48 onBioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass and is the direct respons
13、ibility ofSubcommittee E48.91 on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E170513. DOI:10.1520/E1705-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
14、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Se
15、ction D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1bioconversiona general term describing
16、the use of biologi-cal systems to transform one compound into another. Ex-amples are digestion of organic wastes or sewage bymicroorganisms to produce methane. E1126biofuelbiomass-derived fuel. E1126biomass, nsubstance wholly comprised of living or recentlyliving (non-fossil) material.DISCUSSIONSome
17、times referred to as renewable organic material,examples of biomass include whole, or parts of, plants, trees, aquaticorganisms, animals, algae, and microorganisms.DISCUSSIONWhen considered as an energy source, biomass may befurther subdivided into: (1) primary biomassrapidly growing plantmaterial t
18、hat may be used directly or after a conversion process for theproduction of energy, and (2) secondary biomassbiomass residuesremaining after the production of fibre, food, or other products ofagriculture, or biomass by-products from animal husbandry or foodpreparation that are modified physically ra
19、ther than chemically. Ex-amples include waste materials from agriculture, forestry industries,and some municipal operations (manure, saw dust, sewage, etc.) fromwhich energy may be producedbiomass fuelfuel derived from biomass. E1126corn stoverthe stalks of the maize plant. E1126current good manufac
20、turing practices (CGMP)currentregulations published by the United States Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) regarding manufacturing, processing,packaging and storing of drug and biological products.E1287dead legany inactive, trapped or stagnant zone of a biologi-cal fluid that is to be sampled asepti
21、cally where this liquidzone would not be representative of the bulk fluid that is tobe sampled. This “dead leg” zone could deviate from thebulk system in oxygen content, nutrients levels, materialcomposition, temperature, bacterial contamination, and otherprocess variables that would prevent any sam
22、ple drawnthrough this system from representating the bulk fluidquality to be tested. E1287denatured fuel ethanolfuel ethanol to which chemicals(denaturants) have been added to make the ethanol unfit forhuman consumption in accordance with the regulations ofthe Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearm
23、s of the U.S.Treasury Department. E1126densified particulate biomass fuelsa fuel made by me-chanical compression of biomass to increase the bulk densityand to press the fuel into a specific shape, such as pellets andbriquettes. The fuel can have a maximum volume of 16.39cm3(1 in.3) such that the lar
24、gest dimension is 7.62 cm (3in.). E1126digestera bioreactor in which anaerobic bacteria are used todecompose biomass or organic wastes into methane andcarbon dioxide. E1126distillatethe overhead product of distillation such as ethanolliquid from the top of a beer still. E1344dry basis moisture conte
25、ntof biomass fuels, the ratio of theweight of the water in a sample to the weight of the drymaterial. It is expressed as a percent. E1126ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol)CH3CH2OH; can beproduced chemically from ethylene or biologically from thefermentation of various sugars from carbohydrates f
26、ound inagricultural crops and cellulosic residues from crops orwood. E1126fermentationdecomposition of organic compounds, bymicroorganisms, to fuels and chemicals such as alcohols,acids, and energy-rich gases. E1126fermentation fuela fuel produced by fermentation ofbiomass. E1126fixed carboncarbon r
27、emaining after heating in a prescribedmanner to decompose thermally unstable components and todistill volatiles. E1126fuel alcoholethyl, methyl, or higher alcohols with impurities(including water but excluding denaturants) produced foruse as a fuel alone or as an addition to other fuels, such asgaso
28、line. E1126fuel ethanolethanol with impurities (including water butexcluding denaturants). E1126fuel ethanol manufacturing facilitya manufacturing facil-ity of any size designed to produce fuel ethanol by afermentation process. E1126furfuralan aldehyde derivative of certain biomass conver-sion proce
29、sses, used as a solvent. E1126fusel oila clear, colorless, poisonous, liquid mixture ofalcohols obtained as a by-product of grain fermentation;generally amyl, isoamyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobu-tyl alcohols and acetic and lactic acids. E1126gasificationany chemical or heat process used to
30、convert afeedstock to a gaseous fuel. E1126gasifiera device that converts solid fuel to gas. Generallyrefers to thermochemical processes. Major types are movingbed (fixed bed), entrained bed, and fluidized bed. E1126herbaceous plantsnonwoody species of vegetation, usuallyof low lignin content such a
31、s grasses. E1126hogged fuelground wood fuel that is usually a by-product ofa wood products manufacturing process. E1126landfill gasbiogas produced from the natural degradation ofthe organic material in landfills. E1126ligninthe noncarbohydrate, polyphenolic, structural con-stituent of wood and some
32、other plant tissues that encruststhe cell walls and cements the cells together. E1126methanogenic bacteriamicroorganisms capable of produc-ing methane. E1126methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol)an alcohol,CH3OH, formed by catalytically combining carbon monox-ide (CO) with hydrogen (H2) in a 1:2 ra
33、tio, under hightemperature and pressure. Commercially, it is often manu-factured by steam reforming natural gas. It is also formed inthe destructive distillation of wood. E1126E1705 152moisture contentthe amount of water contained in thebiomass, expressed as either a percentage of the mass of theove
34、n-dry biomass or of the wet biomass, moisture content,dry basis. E1126municipal solid wastes (MSW)the refuse materials col-lected from urban areas in the form of organic matter, glass,plastics, waste paper, etc., not including human wastes.E1126particulate wood fuelany wood fuel with a maximumpartic
35、le volume of 16.39 cm3(1 in.3) such that the largestdimension is 7.62 cm (3 in.). E1126pathogenicdisease causing. E1287pelletized biomass fuelsee densified particulate biomassfuels. E1126proximate analysisthe determination, by prescribedmethods, of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon (bydifferen
36、ce), and ash. The term proximate analysis does notinclude determinations of chemical elements or determina-tions other than those named. E1126proximate analysisan assay of the moisture, ash, volatilematter, and fixed carbon as determined by prescribed testmethods. Other constituents such as sulfur a
37、nd phosphorusare not included. E870pyrolysisthe breaking apart of complex molecules by heat-ing (over the range from 392 to 932 (200 to 500C) in theabsence of oxygen, producing solid, liquid, and gaseousfuels. E1126quadone quadrillion (1015) Btu. E1126refuse-derived fuel (RDF)fuel processed from ind
38、ustrialwaste, municipal waste, garbage, or sewage sludge. E1126refuse derived fuel 3 (RDF-3)as defined by CommitteeE-38 on Resource Recovery, RDF-3 is a shredded fuelderived from municipal solid waste (MSW) that has beenprocessed to remove metal, glass, and other inorganics. Thematerial has a partic
39、le size such that 95 % weight passesthrough a 2 in. square mesh screen. E1126renewable energy resourcessources of energy that areregenerative or virtually inexhaustible, such as solar, wind,ocean, biomass, municipal wastes, and hydropower energy.Geothermal energy is sometimes also included in the te
40、rm.E1126sterilefree of any living organism. E1287stoverthe dried stalks and leaves of a crop remaining afterthe grain has been harvested. E1126syngasthe synthetic gas resulting from incomplete combus-tion or pyrolysis of organic material to primarily carbonmonoxide and hydrogen. (See also synthesis
41、gas.) E1126synthesis gasmixtures of gas in suitable proportions for theproduction of synthetic products without adding furtherreactants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen, forsynthesis of methanol. E1126total weight basis moisture contentof biomass fuels, theratio of the weight of the water in a
42、sample to the weight ofthe wet material. It is expressed as a percent (also called wetbasis moisture content). E1126ultimate analysisthe determination of carbon and hydrogenin the material, as found in the gaseous products of itscomplete combustion, the determination of sulfur, nitrogen,and ash in t
43、he material as a whole, and the calculation ofoxygen by difference. E870ultimate analysisthe determination of the elemental com-position of the organic portion of carbonaceous materials aswell as the total ash and moisture. Determined by prescribedmethods. E1126vacuum distillationthe separation of t
44、wo or more liquidsunder reduced vapor pressure; reduces the boiling points ofliquids being separate. E1126validationthe quality assurance evaluation of an item ofequipment or overall process wherein the equipment orprocess, or both, is challenged to perform under the “worstcase” conditions of proces
45、s variables and applicable micro-organism contamination to meet preestablished acceptancecriteria. E1287volatile matterthose products, exclusive of moisture, givenoff by a material as gas or vapor, determined by definiteprescribed methods that may vary according to the nature ofthe material. E1126we
46、t-basis moisture contentthe moisture content expressedas the ratio of the weight of water in the fuel to the totalweight of the fuel. E1126wet basis moisture contentsee total weight basis moisturecontent. E1126wood fuelfuel derived from biomass composed of woodytrees or shrubs. E11263.2 Definitions
47、of Terms Specific to This Standard:soluble ironthe determination of “soluble iron” used in thistest method corresponds operationally to the “complexedand dissolved” iron determination described by Vuorinen etal.5in their study of the species of iron released from pyriteoxidation by T. ferrooxidans.
48、They found that values ofcomplexed and dissolved iron corresponded closely with“total iron” as determined after hot sulfuric acid digestion ofsamples, particularly at 1 to 2 % pulp density. E13575Vuorinen, A., Hiltunen, P., Hsu, J.C., and Tuovinen, O.H., “Solubilization andSpeciation of Iron During
49、Pyrite Oxidation by Thiobacillus ferroxidans, ”Geomi-crobiology Journal, Vol 3, 1983, pp. 95120.E1705 153SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee E48 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E170513)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2015.)(1) Revised the definition of “biomass.”ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard ar
