1、Designation: E1739 95 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide forRisk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum ReleaseSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1739; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to risk-based corrective action (RBCA),which is a consistent decision-making process for the a
3、ssess-ment and response to a petroleum release, based on theprotection of human health and the environment. Sites withpetroleum release vary greatly in terms of complexity, physicaland chemical characteristics, and in the risk that they may poseto human health and the environment. The RBCA processre
4、cognizes this diversity, and uses a tiered approach wherecorrective action activities are tailored to site-specific condi-tions and risks. While the RBCA process is not limited to aparticular class of compounds, this guide emphasizes theapplication of RBCAto petroleum product releases through theuse
5、 of the examples. Ecological risk assessment, as discussedin this guide, is a qualitative evaluation of the actual orpotential impacts to environmental (nonhuman) receptors.There may be circumstances under which a more detailedecological risk assessment is necessary (see Ref (1).21.2 The decision pr
6、ocess described in this guide integratesrisk and exposure assessment practices, as suggested by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA),with site assessment activities and remedial measure selectionto ensure that the chosen action is protective of human healthand the environment.The
7、 following general sequence of eventsis prescribed in RBCA, once the process is triggered by thesuspicion or confirmation of petroleum release:1.2.1 Performance of a site assessment;1.2.2 Classification of the site by the urgency of initialresponse;1.2.3 Implementation of an initial response action
8、appropri-ate for the selected site classification;1.2.4 Comparison of concentrations of chemical(s) of con-cern at the site with Tier 1 Risk Based Screening Levels(RBSLs) given in a look-up table;1.2.5 Deciding whether further tier evaluation is warranted,if implementation of interim remedial action
9、 is warranted or ifRBSLs may be applied as remediation target levels;1.2.6 Collection of additional site-specific information asnecessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.7 Development of site-specific target levels (SSTLs) andpoint(s) of compliance (Tier 2 evaluation);1.2.8 Comparison o
10、f the concentrations of chemical(s) ofconcern at the site with the Tier 2 evaluation SSTL at thedetermined point(s) of compliance or source area(s);1.2.9 Deciding whether further tier evaluation is warranted,if implementation of interim remedial action is warranted, or ifTier 2 SSTLs may be applied
11、as remediation target levels;1.2.10 Collection of additional site-specific information asnecessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.11 Development of SSTL and point(s) of compliance(Tier 3 evaluation);1.2.12 Comparison of the concentrations of chemical(s) ofconcern at the site at the det
12、ermined point(s) of compliance orsource area(s) with the Tier 3 evaluation SSTL; and1.2.13 Development of a remedial action plan to achieve theSSTL, as applicable.1.3 The guide is organized as follows:1.3.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents,1.3.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide,1
13、.3.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of thisguide,1.3.4 Section 5 is a summary of the tiered approach,1.3.5 Section 6 presents the RBCA procedures in a step-by-step process,1.3.6 Appendix X1 details physical/chemical and toxico-logical characteristics of petroleum products,1.3.7 Appendi
14、x X2 discusses the derivation of a Tier 1RBSL Look-Up Table and provides an example,1.3.8 Appendix X3 describes the uses of predictive model-ing relative to the RBCA process,1.3.9 Appendix X4 discusses considerations for institutionalcontrols, and1.3.10 Appendix X5 provides examples of RBCA applica-
15、tions.1.4 This guide describes an approach for RBCA. It isintended to compliment but not supersede federal, state, and1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04
16、on Corrective Action.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallypublished as ES 38 94. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1739 95(2010)1. DOI: 10.1520/E1739-95R15.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.Copyright
17、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1local regulations. Federal, state, or local agency approval maybe required to implement the processes outlined in this guide.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No ot
18、her units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
19、of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E1599 Guide for Corrective Action for Petroleum Releases(Withdrawn 2002)42.2 NFPA Standard:NFPA 329 Handling Underground Releases of Flammableand Combustible Liquids53. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to T
20、his Standard:3.1.1 active remediationactions taken to reduce the con-centrations of chemical(s) of concern. Active remediationcould be implemented when the no-further-action and passiveremediation courses of action are not appropriate.3.1.2 attenuationthe reduction in concentrations ofchemical(s) of
21、 concern in the environment with distance andtime due to processes such as diffusion, dispersion, absorption,chemical degradation, biodegradation, and so forth.3.1.3 chemical(s) of concernspecific constituents that areidentified for evaluation in the risk assessment process.3.1.4 corrective actionth
22、e sequence of actions that includesite assessment, interim remedial action, remedial action,operation and maintenance of equipment, monitoring ofprogress, and termination of the remedial action.3.1.5 direct exposure pathwaysan exposure pathwaywhere the point of exposure is at the source, without a r
23、eleaseto any other medium.3.1.6 ecological assessmenta qualitative appraisal of theactual or potential effects of chemical(s) of concern on plantsand animals other than people and domestic species.3.1.7 engineering controlsmodifications to a site or facil-ity (for example, slurry walls, capping, and
24、 point of use watertreatment) to reduce or eliminate the potential for exposure toa chemical(s) of concern.3.1.8 exposurecontact of an organism with chemical(s) ofconcern at the exchange boundaries (for example, skin, lungs,and liver) and available for absorption.3.1.9 exposure assessmentthe determi
25、nation or estimation(qualitative or quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency,duration, and route of exposure.3.1.10 exposure pathwaythe course a chemical(s) of con-cern takes from the source area(s) to an exposed organism. Anexposure pathway describes a unique mechanism by which anindividual or pop
26、ulation is exposed to a chemical(s) of concernoriginating from a site. Each exposure pathway includes asource or release from a source, a point of exposure, and anexposure route. If the exposure point differs from the source, atransport/exposure medium (for example, air) or media also isincluded.3.1
27、.11 exposure routethe manner in which a chemical(s)of concern comes in contact with an organism (for example,ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact).3.1.12 facilitythe property containing the source of thechemical(s) of concern where a release has occurred.3.1.13 hazard indexthe sum of two or mor
28、e hazard quo-tients for multiple chemical(s) of concern or multiple exposurepathways, or both.3.1.14 hazard quotientsthe ratio of the level of exposureof a chemical(s) of concern over a specified time period to areference dose for that chemical(s) of concern derived for asimilar exposure period.3.1.
29、15 incremental carcinogenic risk levelsthe potentialfor incremental carcinogenic human health effects due toexposure to the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.16 indirect exposure pathwaysan exposure pathwaywith at least one intermediate release to any media between thesource and the point(s) of exposure (f
30、or example, chemicals ofconcern from soil through ground water to the point(s) ofexposure).3.1.17 institutional controlsthe restriction on use or ac-cess (for example, fences, deed restrictions, restrictive zoning)to a site or facility to eliminate or minimize potential exposureto a chemical(s) of c
31、oncern.3.1.18 interim remedial actionthe course of action tomitigate fire and safety hazards and to prevent further migra-tion of hydrocarbons in their vapor, dissolved, or liquid phase.3.1.19 maximum contaminant level (MCL)a standard fordrinking water established by USEPA under the Safe DrinkingWat
32、er Act, which is the maximum permissible level of chemi-cal(s) of concern in water that is delivered to any user of apublic water supply.3.1.20 Monte Carlo simulationa procedure to estimate thevalue and uncertainty of the result of a calculation when theresult depends on a number of factors, each of
33、 which is alsouncertain.3.1.21 natural biodegradationthe reduction in concentra-tion of chemical(s) of concern through naturally occurringmicrobial activity.3.1.22 petroleumincluding crude oil or any fractionthereof that is liquid at standard conditions of temperature andpressure (15.5C and 10 335.6
34、 kg/m2). The term includespetroleum-based substances comprised of a complex blend of3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
35、age onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.E1739 95 (2015)2hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through processes
36、ofseparation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, such as motorfuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils.3.1.23 point(s) of compliancea location(s) selected be-tween the source area(s) and the potential point(s) of exposurewhere concentrations of chemical(s) of concern must be
37、 at orbelow the determined target levels in media (for example,ground water, soil, or air).3.1.24 point(s) of exposurethe point(s) at which an indi-vidual or population may come in contact with a chemical(s) ofconcern originating from a site.3.1.25 qualitative risk analysisa nonnumeric evaluationof
38、a site to determine potential exposure pathways and recep-tors based on known or readily available information.3.1.26 reasonable maximum exposure (RME)the highestexposure that is reasonably expected to occur at a site. RMEsare estimated for individual pathways or a combination ofexposure pathways.3.
39、1.27 reasonable potential exposure scenario a situationwith a credible chance of occurence where a receptor maybecome directly or indirectly exposed to the chemical(s) ofconcern without considering extreme or essentially impossiblecircumstances.3.1.28 reasonably anticipated future usefuture use of a
40、site or facility that can be predicted with a high degree ofcertainty given current use, local government planning, andzoning.3.1.29 receptorspersons, structures, utilities, surfacewaters, and water supply wells that are or may be adverselyaffected by a release.3.1.30 reference dosea preferred toxic
41、ity value for evalu-ating potential noncarcinogenic effects in humans resultingfrom exposure to a chemical(s) of concern.3.1.31 remediation/remedial actionactivities conducted toprotect human health, safety, and the environment. Theseactivities include evaluating risk, making no-further-actiondeterm
42、inations, monitoring institutional controls, engineeringcontrols, and designing and operating cleanup equipment.3.1.32 risk assessmentan analysis of the potential foradverse health effects caused by a chemical(s) of concern froma site to determine the need for remedial action or thedevelopment of ta
43、rget levels where remedial action is required.3.1.33 risk reductionthe lowering or elimination of thelevel of risk posed to human health or the environment throughinterim remedial action, remedial action, or institutional orengineering controls.3.1.34 risk-based screening level/screening levels(RBSL
44、s)risk-based site-specific corrective action target lev-els for chemical(s) of concern developed under the Tier 1evaluation.3.1.35 sitethe area(s) defined by the extent of migration ofthe chemical(s) of concern.3.1.36 site assessmentan evaluation of subsurfacegeology, hydrology, and surface characte
45、ristics to determine ifa release has occurred, the levels of the chemical(s) of concern,and the extent of the migration of the chemical(s) of concern.The site assessment collects data on ground water quality andpotential receptors and generates information to support reme-dial action decisions.3.1.3
46、7 site classificationa qualitative evaluation of a sitebased on known or readily available information to identify theneed for interim remedial actions and further informationgathering. Site classification is intended to specifically priori-tize sites.3.1.38 site-specific target level (SSTL)risk-bas
47、ed remedialaction target level for chemical(s) of concern developed for aparticular site under the Tier 2 and Tier 3 evaluations.3.1.39 site-specificactivities, information, and data uniqueto a particular site.3.1.40 source area(s)either the location of liquid hydro-carbons or the location of highes
48、t soil and ground waterconcentrations of the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.41 target levelsnumeric values or other performancecriteria that are protective of human health, safety, and theenvironment.3.1.42 Tier 1 evaluationa risk-based analysis to developnon-site-specific values for direct and indirect
49、 exposure path-ways utilizing conservative exposure factors and fate andtransport for potential pathways and various property usecategories (for example, residential, commercial, and industrialuses). Values established under Tier 1 will apply to all sites thatfall into a particular category.3.1.43 Tier 2 evaluationa risk-based analysis applying thedirect exposure values established under a Tier 1 evaluation atthe point(s) of exposure developed for a specific site anddevelopment of values for potential indirect exposure pathwaysat the p
