1、Designation: E 1740 07aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining the Heat Release Rate and OtherFire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallcoveringComposites Using a Cone Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1740; the number immediately following th
2、e designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis test method provid
3、es a means for measuring the fire-test-response characteristics ofwallcoverings and wallcovering composites using a bench-scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers determinationof the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consistingof a wa
4、llcovering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives,coatings, and finishes. Heat release information cannot be usedalone to evaluate the flammability of wallcoverings. The dataare intended to be used for modeling or with other data toevaluate a material.1.2 This test method provides for measuremen
5、t of the timeto sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heatrelease, and effective heat of combustion at a constant radiantheat flux of 35 kW/m2. Heat release data at different heatingfluxes are also obtained by this test method. The specimen isoriented horizontally, and a spark ignitio
6、n source is used.1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determinedusing the apparatus and procedures described in Test MethodE 1354.1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specimenscombining the components used in the actual installation.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarde
7、d as thestandard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be used in conducting these tests. This test methodpotentially involves hazardous materials, operations, andequipment.1.7 This standard is
8、used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.8 Fire te
9、sting of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and prop-erty shall be employed in conducting these tests. This testmethod may involve hazardous materials, operations, andequipment. Specific information about hazard is given inSection 6.1.9 This standard
10、 does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
11、Standards:2C 1186 Specification for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-CementSheetsD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Produc
12、ts Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is
13、the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 1740 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont
14、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Americ
15、an National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystem2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Covering2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVo
16、cabularyISO 5660 Fire TestsReaction to FirePart 1: Rate ofHeat Release from Building Products (Cone CalorimeterMethod)ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod and associated with fire issues, refer to TerminologyE 176 and ISO 13943.
17、 The definitions given in TerminologyE 176 shall prevail in case of conflict. For definitions of termsused in this test method and associated with textile issues, referto Terminology D 123 and ISO 4880. The definitions given inTerminology D 123 shall prevail in case of conflict.3.1.1 effective heat
18、of combustion, nthe amount of heatgenerated per unit mass lost by a material, product, orassembly, when exposed to specific fire test conditions (seegross heat of combustion).3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion de-pends on the test method and is determined by dividing themeasured heat
19、 release by the mass loss during a specifiedperiod of time under the specified test conditions. Typically, thespecified fire test conditions are provided by the specificationsof the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustionas a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditio
20、ns,involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approxi-mate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire testconditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion
21、 is theappropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.1.2 oxygen consumption principlethe expression of therelationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heat release ratethe heat evolved from t
22、he speci-men, expressed per unit area of exposed specimen area per unitof time.3.2.2 heating fluxthe prescribed incident flux imposedexternally from the heater onto the specimen at the initiation ofthe test.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe specimen, once ignited, also isheated by its own flame. This differs fr
23、om the generic definitionof heat flux in Terminology E 176, because in this test methodthe heating flux of primary interest is the one imposed at theinitiation of the test.3.2.3 ignitabilitythe propensity for ignition, as measuredby the time to sustained flaming at a specified heating flux.3.2.4 net
24、 heat of combustionthe oxygen bomb calorimetervalue for the heat of combustion, corrected for the gaseousstate of product water.3.2.5 orientationthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing, which is horizontalfacing up for this test.3.2.6 sustained flamingthe existen
25、ce of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.2.7 wallcoveringa fabric, vinyl, or paper-based productdesigned to be attached to a vertical wall surface for decorativeor acoustical purposes.3.2.8 wallcovering compositean assembly of a wallcov-ering, adhesive (if used), an
26、d substrate used as a vertical walltreatment for decorative or acoustical purposes.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that,generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to theamount of oxygen required for combustion. Approximately13.1 3 103kJ of hea
27、t are released per 1 kg of oxygenconsumed. Specimens in the test are burned in ambient airconditions while subjected to a prescribed external heating fluxof 35 kW/m2.4.2 The heat release is determined by measurement of theoxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentra-tion and flow rate i
28、n the combustion product stream, inaccordance with Test Method E 1354.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentrationand exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements includethe mass loss rate of the specimen, time to sustained flaming(or time to ignition), and effective heat of combustion. I
29、gnit-ability is determined by measuring the time period from initialexposure to attainment of sustained flaming of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the time tosustained flaming and heat release of materials and compositesexposed to a prescribed heat flux
30、in the cone calorimeterapparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide infor-mation that can be used to compare wallcoverings and con-structions and for input to fire models.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful informationfor product development by giving a quantitative measure
31、ofspecific changes in fire performance caused by component andcomposite modifications.5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will beinappropriate if the product will not spread flame over itssurface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting met
32、hods, and adhe-sives used to laminate composite products will potentiallyaffect the test responses. These variables must be controlledduring any comparative experiments.5.6 Test LimitationsThe test data are invalid if any of thefollowing occur:5.6.1 Explosive spalling,3Available from National Fire P
33、rotection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269-9101.4Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.E 1740 07a25.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition totouch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater
34、baseduring combustion, or5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed underthe radiant heater.5.7 The specimens are subjected to one or more specific setsof laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not a
35、lways possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Theresults are therefore valid only for the fire test exposureconditions described in this procedure.6. Hazards6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures and heatfluxes. Hazards therefore
36、 exist for burns, ignition of extraneousobjects or clothing, and inhalation of combustion products. Theoperator must use protective gloves for insertion and removalof the test specimens. Do not touch the cone heater or theassociated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protectivegloves.7. Test
37、 Specimens7.1 Size and Preparation:7.1.1 All elements of the test specimen shall represent theactual materials used in the final installation. Include thewallcovering, adhesive used for the lamination, and actualsubstrate. Wallcoverings that are laminated in the field shall bebonded to the actual su
38、bstrate or to fiber-reinforced cementboard (Specification C 1186) if a non-combustible substrate isanticipated. Use the adhesive recommended by the manufac-turer. Test wallcovering composites as manufactured for use.7.1.2 The test specimens shall be cut to an overall size of100 by 100 mm and tested
39、in the actual thickness, if acomposite. The maximum thickness to be tested is 50 mm. Ifsubstrates exceed this maximum, the back surface shall bemade thinner to reduce the overall thickness of the specimen to50 mm.7.2 Specimens shall be cured according to the manufactur-ers instructions and condition
40、ed at an ambient temperature of23 6 3C and relative humidity of 50 6 5 % for a minimum of48 h.7.3 Specimen Holder and Mounting:7.3.1 The specimen holder consists of the bottom, edgeframe, retaining pins, and wire grid. The bottom is constructedfrom 2-mm nominal stainless steel and has outside dimens
41、ionsof 106 by 106 6 2mmby246 2 mm height. The grid isconstructed from 2-mm nominal stainless steel rod and hasdimensions of 100 6 2by1006 2 mm. The grid has 2-mmribs, and the openings in the center are 18 6 1by186 1 mm.The edge frame is constructed from 1.9-mm nominal stainlesssteel with outside dim
42、ensions of 111 6 2by1116 2by5462-mm height. The frame has an 8-mm lip on the top to providean opening of 94 by 94 mm on the top. There are two 3 60.5-mm diameter by 130 6 3-mm long retaining pins to lockthe test specimen in the edge frame.7.3.2 The bottom is lined with a layer of a low-density(nomin
43、al density 65 kg/m3) refractory fiber blanket with athickness of at least 13 mm. If necessary, fill the edge framebelow the test specimens with a refractory blanket to the levelof the retaining pins. Lock the assembly with retaining pins,and place it on the bottom specimen holder. The distancebetwee
44、n the bottom of the radiant heater and the top of the edgeframe is adjusted to 25 6 1 mm by using a sliding heightadjustment.8. Procedure8.1 Preparation:8.1.1 Calibrate the test apparatus as directed in Test MethodE 1354.8.1.2 Position the cone heater for a horizontal specimenorientation, and set th
45、e radiant heating flux level to the requiredvalue of 35 6 1 kW/m2.8.1.3 Verify that the distance between the bottom of thecone heater baseplate and the top of the specimen is 25 mm.8.1.4 Some specimens swell up and contact the heaterbaseplate or sparker assembly during the test. Contact of thespecim
46、en with the sparker or heater baseplate will affect themass loss readings temporarily. The mass loss readings willresume if the specimen does not remain in contact, and the totalmass loss and average heat of combustion can be calculated. Ifsustained flaming has been achieved, retract the sparker top
47、revent contact with the swelling specimen.Alternatively, raisethe sparker/heater assembly to prevent contact with the speci-men.8.2 Procedure:8.2.1 Prepare the data collection system for testing inaccordance with the operating procedures for the system. Theheat release curve of some wallcoverings is
48、 a narrow peak.Increase the data collection rate to one reading/s for testingwallcoverings.8.2.2 Assemble the specimen with the edge frame and gridin the appropriate holder. The assembly must initially be atroom temperature. A surface area correction must be applied tocompensate for the reduction in
49、 surface area caused by theedge frame and grid.8.2.3 Energize the sparker, and move it into place rapidlyafter the specimen is inserted. The sparker is to remain in placeuntil sustained flaming occurs. If flaming ceases less than 60 safter removal of the sparker, reinsert the sparker and maintainit in place until the end of the test.8.2.4 Start the timer at the beginning of the test. Afterflaming is first observed, continue the observation for anadditional 4 s. Record the time at that point, and move thespark igniter out of the flame. Determine the time to sustain
