1、Designation: E 1819 96 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Guide forEnvironmental Monitoring Plans for Decommissioning ofNuclear Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the development or assessment ofenvironmental monitoring plans for decommissioni
3、ng nuclearfacilities. This guide addresses: (1) development of an envi-ronmental baseline prior to commencement of decommission-ing activities; (2) determination of release paths from siteactivities and their associated exposure pathways in the envi-ronment; and (3) selection of appropriate sampling
4、 locationsand media to ensure that all exposure pathways in the envi-ronment are monitored appropriately. This guide also addressesthe interfaces between the environmental monitoring plan andother planning documents for site decommissioning, such asradiation protection, site characterization, and wa
5、ste manage-ment plans, and federal, state, and local environmental protec-tion laws and guidance. This guide is applicable up to the pointof completing D (2) decontami-nation to reduce radiation levels in support of as low asreasonably achievable (ALARA) objectives; (3) decontamina-tion to limit the
6、 spread of radiological contamination; (4)decontamination to support the unrestricted release of materialand equipment; and (5) decontamination of personnel.3.1.6 monitoring, vtobserving or taking measurementssystematically over time to determine the status of and to detectsignificant changes in con
7、ditions or performance of a system,facility, or area.3.1.7 passive phase, ntime of surveillance and mainte-nance from the time plant operations cease untildecontamination/dismantling operations begin, and from theend of active decontamination/dismantling operations until thesite is released for unre
8、stricted use.3.1.8 radiological release criteria, nlevels of residualradioactivity present at the completion of a decommissioningactivity below which the site may be released to the generalpublic for unrestricted use.3.1.9 hazardous material clean-up criteria, nthe reduc-tion of hazardous contaminan
9、ts needed to reduce the riskidentified in the baseline health-based risk assessment to a levelconsistent with Applicable and Relevant or Appropriate Re-quirement (ARAR) values.3.1.10 hazardous substance, nany material identified bythe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 40 CFR 262.3.1.11 restri
10、cted use, norganizational control is main-tained over a property through physical barricades, signs andnotices, or deed covenants that limit the full use of the propertyby an owner or prospective owner.3.1.12 unrestricted use, ncontrol over the property is fullyreleased for any use desired by the ow
11、ner.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Nuclear facilities must have established plans for moni-toring the environment surrounding the site as part of theirlicense or technical specifications. These plans are designed toidentify any release of radioactive or hazardous material and toassess the resulting impacts.
12、 Similar plans are required duringdecommissioning or site remediations to continue environmen-tal monitoring, although the types of discharges and theaffected pathways may be different from those monitoredduring facility operations.4.2 In addition, limited environmental surveillance mayhave been per
13、formed since the facility operated. The existingenvironmental monitoring plans should be modified for decom-missioning and reflect the current environment, potential re-lease points, and affected pathways. If no environmentalmonitoring plan exists, one must be developed.4.3 The decommissioning envir
14、onmental monitoring planmust be consistent and complete to ensure the detection andmitigation of off-site impacts caused by radioactive or hazard-ous materials released from decommissioning activities atnuclear facilities.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use of this guide will ensure that the potential im
15、pact onthe surrounding environment from planned decommissioningactivities has been properly assessed.5.2 Use of this guide will ensure that the adequacy ofenvironmental sampling has been assessed for location, fre-quency, analytical techniques, and media type to monitor theenvironment and to detect
16、site-related releases and theirimpact.6. Organizational Interfaces6.1 The environmental monitoring plan should coordinatewith other decommissioning documents. Guide E 1281 recom-mends that certain planning documents and implementationplans will be prepared prior to commencement of dismantle-ment act
17、ions. This guide ensures that the basic environmentalmonitoring planning elements and requirements are identified,examined, and addressed to accomplish the decommissioningactivities. Other project plans and reports guide the operationsand organization for the decommissioning project.6.1.1 Planning a
18、nd implementation documents define theactivities around which the site environmental monitoringprogram will be developed. Documents that should be re-viewed include the following:6.1.1.1 Site Description and Operating History Reports,6.1.1.2 Site Characterization Report,6.1.1.3 Health Based Baseline
19、 Risk Assessment,6.1.1.4 Planned Decommissioning Activities Document,6.1.1.5 Licensing and Regulatory Issues Document,6.1.1.6 Quality Assurance Document, and6.1.1.7 Radiation Protection Document.6.1.1.8 Appendix X1 contains brief overviews of thesedocuments, as they contribute to the environmental p
20、lan.7. Elements of an Environmental Monitoring Plan7.1 Site environmental monitoring shall comply with awritten plan. This plan must both direct the performance ofmonitoring and inform concerned individuals as to the intentand methodologies used in monitoring the environment. Theplan must clearly de
21、fine the scope of work activities, that is,describe the site, area, or room to be decommissioned. Guid-ance on the content and structure of the plan is outlined in7.2-7.10.12. Additional guidance relative to the requirementsfor monitoring of environmental pollutants at facilities beingdecommissioned
22、 can be found in such references as 40 CFR302, 40 CFR 61, and 40 CFR 58. These cover such topics asnotification of the release of hazardous materials, emissionstandards for air pollutants, and air monitoring of thesematerials.E 1819 96 (2005)27.2 Introduction and ObjectivesThe introduction shouldadd
23、ress the history of actions leading to decommissioning,identify the organizations involved, describe the decommis-sioning process and required documentation, define the objec-tive or purpose of the environmental monitoring program, anddescribe the intended use of the monitoring data.7.2.1 Monitoring
24、 ObjectivesBasic objectives should in-clude the following, as a minimum:7.2.1.1 Assess the actual or potential doses to man fromcontaminants released to the environment as a result ofdecontamination efforts,7.2.1.2 Demonstrate compliance with applicable environ-mental regulations during decommission
25、ing and with estab-lished release criteria. Chapter 4 of The DecommissioningHandbook7provides an excellent summary of the variousenvironmental regulations that apply to decommissioningwork,7.2.1.3 Evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of thecontainment and effluent control system during decontamin
26、a-tion.7.2.2 Calibration and Measurement System Performance:7.2.2.1 Provisions must be made when planning environ-mental monitoring activities at decommissioning sites to en-sure that all data are obtained using instruments and instru-mentation systems capable of producing accurate and validdata. Th
27、is requires the use of instruments and equipmenthaving valid and current calibration certificates. It also meansthat careful consideration should be given to the appropriateuse of spiked samples, blanks, and split samples as qualityassurance principles are incorporated into the environmentalmonitori
28、ng program.7.2.3 Data Quality ObjectivesThe DQOs impact statisti-cal sampling design, sampling techniques, analytical proce-dures, and documentation procedures. The elements for adecommissioning monitoring plan will be prepared with con-cern for the DQO process. Technical monitoring objectives willb
29、e established to support the data quality objectives in themonitoring plan. The objectives will be specified in terms ofprecision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness, compa-rability, and detection limit. For further information on DQOs,see Ref (1).87.3 Background Information:7.3.1 LocationTh
30、e plan should specify the location anddescribe the site and surrounding area.7.3.2 Source of Contaminants and Transport PathwaysThe source term from the site characterization data should becomplete enough to identify the types of radionuclides andhazardous materials on site, their quantities, and th
31、e physicalconditions in which they are found. The plan should specify thechemical composition and condition of the material, extent ofcontamination, and whether the material is in soil or ground-water, or on buildings and equipment surfaces.7.3.3 Information SourcesSources of information on thesite
32、should be identified, searched for pertinent information,and summarized, including previous sampling, facility wasteplans, environmental characterizations, radiation surveys, andlocal sampling problems.7.3.4 Impact DataAvailable environmental impact datashould be summarized.7.3.5 Background Evaluati
33、on Requirements:7.3.5.1 Requirements governing the decommissioning ac-tivities and release of the site may be based on levels abovebackground; therefore, careful evaluation of background con-ditions at the decommissioning site should be considered whenplanning the environmental monitoring program.7.
34、4 Evaluation of Existing Data:7.4.1 Source Term ExaminationOnce all contaminantspresent at the site are identified, those contaminants thatpotentially could be released to the environment during decom-missioning should be identified specifically and included in thetransport model, as discussed in 7.
35、4.2.7.4.2 Pathways Modeling for Monitoring System DesignThe decommissioning activities specified in the decommis-sioning plan should be reviewed to identify activities that couldrelease hazardous materials to the off-site environment. Theenvironmental transport pathways will then be identified,inclu
36、ding critical environmental components and receptors.Using the strength of the source and the model, the mostsignificant pathways and receptors will be identified for eachcontaminant.7.4.2.1 The pathways model (conceptual or mathematical)for transport of material to the environment should complywith
37、 Guide E 1278 and should establish the critical populationand the most probable locations for accumulation of radioac-tivity or hazardous material. Pathways with potentially highaccumulation rates should be selected for sampling to providea means of detecting releases at the earliest opportunity.Lik
38、ewise, exposure pathways to humans defined in the siterelease criteria (that is, milk, fish, and groundwater consump-tion, and dust ingestion and inhalation) should be specificallyconsidered for sampling. These pathways to humans provide ameans of comparing site releases and resultant environmentall
39、evels with calculated doses to individuals. The model mustconsider the transport of each contaminant separately, sincetheir sources and environmental fates may be different.7.5 Sampling and Analytical Design:7.5.1 Statistical DesignA variety of statistical monitoringdesigns are available to meet mon
40、itoring objectives, includingstratified, systematic, and random with grab or compositesampling. The statistical design chosen must account for thesource of statistical variability in the samples, such as space,time, sampling procedures, sample handling, sample process-ing including subsampling, samp
41、le extraction, and analyticalmeasurements. The parameters include several sources ofstatistical error. The development of data quality objectivesrequires consideration of these sources of error, an estimate oftheir magnitude, and, if necessary, a review of methods toreduce the overall variability in
42、 a cost-effective manner. Forfurther information on statistical sampling design and data7Taboas, A. L., Moghissi, A. A., and LaGuardia, T. S., Eds., The Decommis-sioning Handbook, Chapter 4, Environmental and Related Requirements, ASME,Three Park Ave., New York, NY, 2004.8The boldface numbers in par
43、entheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis guide.E 1819 96 (2005)3interpretation, see Refs (2) and (3). In addition, the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual(MARSSIM) provides excellent guidance on sampling designfor these projects.7.5.2 Initial Baseline Conditio
44、nsThe site description andoperating history should be reviewed to identify any previousenvironmental sampling plans and the resultant data. Alllicensed sites and sites operated by the government shouldhave a documented baseline prior to the initial start ofoperations. These data should be reviewed,
45、and those samplepoints used to establish the previous background should betrended through subsequent environmental reports to updatethe background value of these locations before decommission-ing operations begin. This documentation should be supportedby new samples taken from the original baseline
46、samplinglocations and new locations for pathways resulting fromdecommissioning activities. The long-term sampling datashould depict the status of the environment at the start ofdecommissioning operations.7.5.2.1 If the existing documentation or current samplingindicates that contamination has been d
47、eposited off-site, thequantity and location of this material must be characterized.Contaminants existing in the environment before decommis-sioning may be transported as a plume or slug and could resultin increasing environmental levels. Without adequate data, theincrease could be attributed incorre
48、ctly to decommissioningactivities.7.5.2.2 Sites with no previous environmental monitoringprogram should establish a baseline. Many state environmentalor radiation protection programs maintain environmental sam-pling locations that can provide baseline information fornormal air activity, radon levels
49、, external beta/gamma radiationvalues, or trace element levels in ambient air. The baselinesampling activity should account for fluctuations in data takenby other programs, such as radon emanation rates and airactivity levels.7.5.3 Sampling RationaleSelect the media to sample ac-cording to the results of pathways modeling (see 7.3.2). Thosepathways deemed significant for their possible dose to thepublic or release to the environment (both accidental andplanned) should be monitored. For decontamination activities,the most important pathways to the off-site environment a
