1、Designation: E1819 15Standard Guide forEnvironmental Monitoring Plans for Decommissioning ofNuclear Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the development or assessment ofenvironmental monitoring plans for decommissioning nuclearfacilities.
3、 This guide addresses: (1) development of an envi-ronmental baseline prior to commencement of decommission-ing activities; (2) determination of release paths from siteactivities and their associated exposure pathways in the envi-ronment; and (3) selection of appropriate sampling locationsand media t
4、o ensure that all exposure pathways in the envi-ronment are monitored appropriately. This guide also addressesthe interfaces between the environmental monitoring plan andother planning documents for site decommissioning, such asradiation protection, site characterization, and waste manage-ment plans
5、, and federal, state, and local environmental protec-tion laws and guidance. This guide is applicable up to the pointof completing D (2) decontamination toreduce radiation levels in support of as low as reasonablyachievable (ALARA) objectives; (3) decontamination to limitthe spread of radiological c
6、ontamination; (4) decontaminationto support the unrestricted release of material and equipment;and (5) decontamination of personnel.3.1.6 monitoring, vtobserving or taking measurementssystematically over time to determine the status of and to detectsignificant changes in conditions or performance of
7、 a system,facility, or area.3.1.7 passive phase, ntime of surveillance and mainte-nance from the time plant operations cease untildecontamination/dismantling operations begin, and from theend of active decontamination/dismantling operations until thesite is released for unrestricted use.3.1.8 radiol
8、ogical release criteria, nlevels of residualradioactivity present at the completion of a decommissioningactivity below which the site may be released to the generalpublic for unrestricted use.3.1.9 hazardous material clean-up criteria, nthe reductionof hazardous contaminants needed to reduce the ris
9、k identifiedin the baseline health-based risk assessment to a level consis-tent with Applicable and Relevant or Appropriate Requirement(ARAR) values.3.1.10 hazardous substance, nany material identified bythe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 40 CFR 262.3.1.11 restricted use, norganizational c
10、ontrol is main-tained over a property through physical barricades, signs andnotices, or deed covenants that limit the full use of the propertyby an owner or prospective owner.3.1.12 unrestricted use, ncontrol over the property is fullyreleased for any use desired by the owner.4. Summary of Guide4.1
11、Nuclear facilities must have established plans for moni-toring the environment surrounding the site as part of theirlicense or technical specifications. These plans are designed toidentify any release of radioactive or hazardous material and toassess the resulting impacts. Similar plans are required
12、 duringsurveillance and maintenance, decommissioning or site reme-diation to continue environmental monitoring, although thetypes of discharges and the affected pathways may be differentfrom those monitored during facility operations.4.2 In addition, limited environmental surveillance mayhave been p
13、erformed since the facility operated. The existingenvironmental monitoring plans should be modified for decom-missioning and reflect the current environment, potential re-lease points, and affected pathways. If no environmentalmonitoring plan exists, one must be developed.4.3 The decommissioning env
14、ironmental monitoring planmust be consistent and complete to ensure the detection andmitigation of off-site impacts caused by radioactive or hazard-ous materials released from decommissioning activities atnuclear facilities.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use of this guide will ensure that the potential
15、impact onthe surrounding environment from planned decommissioningactivities has been properly assessed.5.2 Use of this guide will ensure that the adequacy ofenvironmental sampling has been assessed for location,frequency, analytical techniques, and media type to monitor theenvironment and to detect
16、site-related releases and theirimpact.6. Organizational Interfaces6.1 The environmental monitoring plan should coordinatewith other decommissioning documents. Guide E1281 recom-mends that certain planning documents and implementationplans will be prepared prior to commencement of dismantle-ment acti
17、ons. This guide ensures that the basic environmentalmonitoring planning elements and requirements are identified,examined, and addressed to accomplish the decommissioningactivities. Other project plans and reports guide the operationsand organization for the decommissioning project.6.1.1 Planning an
18、d implementation documents define theactivities around which the site environmental monitoringprogram will be developed. Documents that should be re-viewed include the following:6.1.1.1 Site Description and Operating History Reports,6.1.1.2 Site Characterization Report,6.1.1.3 Health Based Baseline
19、Risk Assessment,6.1.1.4 Planned Decommissioning Activities Document,6.1.1.5 Licensing and Regulatory Issues Document,6.1.1.6 Quality Assurance Document, and6.1.1.7 Radiation Protection Document.6.1.1.8 Appendix X1 contains brief overviews of thesedocuments, as they contribute to the environmental pl
20、an.7. Elements of an Environmental Monitoring Plan7.1 Site environmental monitoring shall comply with awritten plan. This plan must both direct the performance ofmonitoring and inform concerned individuals as to the intentand methodologies used in monitoring the environment. Theplan must clearly def
21、ine the scope of work activities, that is,describe the site, area, or room to be decommissioned. Guid-ance on the content and structure of the plan is outlined in 7.2E1819 152 7.10.12. Additional guidance relative to the requirements formonitoring of environmental pollutants at facilities beingdecom
22、missioned can be found in such references as , 40 CFR61, and 40 CFR 58. These cover such topics as notification ofthe release of hazardous materials, emission standards for airpollutants, and air monitoring of these materials.7.2 Introduction and ObjectivesThe introduction shouldaddress the history
23、of actions leading to decommissioning,identify the organizations involved, describe the decommis-sioning process and required documentation, define the objec-tive or purpose of the environmental monitoring program, anddescribe the intended use of the monitoring data.7.2.1 Monitoring ObjectivesBasic
24、objectives should in-clude the following, as a minimum:7.2.1.1 Assess the actual or potential doses to man fromcontaminants released to the environment as a result ofdecontamination efforts,7.2.1.2 Demonstrate compliance with applicable environ-mental regulations during decommissioning and with esta
25、b-lished release criteria. Chapter 4 of The DecommissioningHandbook7provides an excellent summary of the variousenvironmental regulations that apply to decommissioningwork,7.2.1.3 Evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of thecontainment and effluent control system during decontamina-tion.7.2.2 Cali
26、bration and Measurement System Performance:7.2.2.1 Provisions must be made when planning environ-mental monitoring activities at decommissioning sites to en-sure that all data are obtained using instruments and instru-mentation systems capable of producing accurate and validdata. This requires the u
27、se of instruments and equipmenthaving valid and current calibration certificates. ANSIN323AB describes the protocols for portable instrument cali-bration. It also means that careful consideration should begiven to the appropriate use of spiked samples, blanks, andsplit samples as quality assurance p
28、rinciples are incorporatedinto the environmental monitoring program. The MARLAPmanual provides guidance for this.7.2.3 Data Quality ObjectivesThe DQOs impact statisti-cal sampling design, sampling techniques, analyticalprocedures, and documentation procedures. The elements for adecommissioning monit
29、oring plan will be prepared with con-cern for the DQO process. Technical monitoring objectives willbe established to support the data quality objectives in themonitoring plan. The objectives will be specified in terms ofprecision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness,comparability, and detecti
30、on limit. For further information onDQOs, see Ref (1).87.3 Background Information:7.3.1 LocationThe plan should specify the location anddescribe the site and surrounding area.7.3.2 Source of Contaminants and Transport PathwaysThe source term from the site characterization data should becomplete enou
31、gh to identify the types of radionuclides andhazardous materials on site, their quantities, and the physicalconditions in which they are found. The plan should specify thechemical composition and condition of the material, extent ofcontamination, and whether the material is in soil orgroundwater, or
32、 on buildings and equipment surfaces. Imple-mentation of a site characterization plan, developed usingguidance provided in Guide E1892, will provide this data.7.3.3 Information SourcesSources of information on thesite should be identified, searched for pertinent information,and summarized, including
33、 previous sampling, facility wasteplans, environmental characterizations, radiation surveys, andlocal sampling problems.7.3.4 Impact DataAvailable environmental impact datashould be summarized.7.3.5 Background Evaluation Requirements:7.3.5.1 Requirements governing the decommissioning ac-tivities and
34、 release of the site may be based on levels abovebackground; therefore, careful evaluation of background con-ditions at the decommissioning site should be considered whenplanning the environmental monitoring program.7.4 Evaluation of Existing Data:7.4.1 Source Term ExaminationOnce all contaminantspr
35、esent at the site are identified, those contaminants thatpotentially could be released to the environment during decom-missioning should be identified specifically and included in thetransport model, as discussed in 7.4.2.7.4.2 Pathways Modeling for Monitoring System DesignThe decommissioning activi
36、ties specified in the decommis-sioning plan should be reviewed to identify activities that couldrelease hazardous materials to the off-site environment. Theenvironmental transport pathways will then be identified,including critical environmental components and receptors.Using the strength of the sou
37、rce and the model, the mostsignificant pathways and receptors will be identified for eachcontaminant.7.4.2.1 The pathways model (conceptual or mathematical)for transport of material to the environment should establishthe critical population and the most probable locations foraccumulation of radioact
38、ivity or hazardous material. Pathwayswith potentially high accumulation rates should be selected forsampling to provide a means of detecting releases at the earliestopportunity. Likewise, exposure pathways to humans definedin the site release criteria (that is, milk, fish, and groundwaterconsumption
39、, and dust ingestion and inhalation) should bespecifically considered for sampling. These pathways to hu-mans provide a means of comparing site releases and resultantenvironmental levels with calculated doses to individuals. Themodel must consider the transport of each contaminantseparately, since t
40、heir sources and environmental fates may bedifferent.7.5 Sampling and Analytical Design:7.5.1 Statistical DesignA variety of statistical monitoringdesigns are available to meet monitoring objectives, includingstratified, systematic, and random with grab or compositesampling. The statistical design c
41、hosen must account for the7Taboas, A. L., Moghissi, A. A., and LaGuardia, T. S., Eds., The Decommis-sioning Handbook, Chapter 4, Environmental and Related Requirements, ASME,Three Park Ave., New York, NY, 2004.8The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis guide
42、.E1819 153source of statistical variability in the samples, such as space,time, sampling procedures, sample handling, sample process-ing including subsampling, sample extraction, and analyticalmeasurements. The parameters include several sources ofstatistical error. The development of data quality o
43、bjectivesrequires consideration of these sources of error, an estimate oftheir magnitude, and, if necessary, a review of methods toreduce the overall variability in a cost-effective manner. Forfurther information on statistical sampling design and datainterpretation, see Refs (2) and (3). In additio
44、n, the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual(MARSSIM) provides excellent guidance on sampling designfor these projects. See NUREG CR-2082 for additional guid-ance.7.5.2 Initial Baseline ConditionsThe site description andoperating history should be reviewed to identify any previ
45、ousenvironmental sampling plans and the resultant data. Alllicensed sites and sites operated by the government shouldhave a documented baseline prior to the initial start ofoperations. These data should be reviewed, and those samplepoints used to establish the previous background should betrended th
46、rough subsequent environmental reports to updatethe background value of these locations before decommission-ing operations begin. This documentation should be supportedby new samples taken from the original baseline samplinglocations and new locations for pathways resulting fromdecommissioning activ
47、ities. The long-term sampling datashould depict the status of the environment at the start ofdecommissioning operations.7.5.2.1 If the existing documentation or current samplingindicates that contamination has been deposited off-site, thequantity and location of this material must be characterized.C
48、ontaminants existing in the environment before decommis-sioning may be transported as a plume or slug and could resultin increasing environmental levels. Without adequate data, theincrease could be attributed incorrectly to decommissioningactivities.7.5.2.2 Sites with no previous environmental monit
49、oringprogram should establish a baseline. Many state environmentalor radiation protection programs maintain environmental sam-pling locations that can provide baseline information fornormal air activity, radon levels, external beta/gamma radiationvalues, or trace element levels in ambient air. The baselinesampling activity should account for fluctuations in data takenby other programs, such as radon emanation rates and airactivity levels.7.5.3 Sampling RationaleSelect the media to sample ac-cording to the results of pathways modeling (see 7.3.2). Thosepathways deemed
