ASTM E1848-1996(2008) Standard Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for Contaminated Sites《生态污染点的选择和使用的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E 1848 96 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forSelecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for ContaminatedSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers an approach to identification, selec-tion, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessme
3、nt andmeasurement endpoints) (1-8)2that are susceptible to the directand indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stres-sors or agents associated with wastes and contaminated mediaat specific sites under current and future land uses. It does notaddress assessment and measurement endpoints
4、for non-sitespecific studies (for example, chemical-specific or regional riskassessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, orair).1.2 This guide addresses only the identification, selection,and use of assessment and measurement endpoints, not the fullrange of activities that occur in a
5、n ecological assessment orecological risk assessment at a contaminated site (1, 3-8).These activities are addressed in other ASTM guides andreferences provided at the end of this guide.1.3 This guide is intended to identify assessment andmeasurement endpoints to be used for screening, preliminary,fo
6、cused, detailed, and quantitative ecological risk assessmentsconducted in a linear or iterative fashion (3, 8). This is a partial,incomplete listing of possible levels of assessment. In a tieredecological risk assessment, it may be necessary to redefineecological endpoints when planning to collect m
7、ore data orwhen additional site data are obtained and evaluated.1.4 This guide is intended to be used by trained biologists,ecologists, and ecotoxicologists familiar with risk assessment,and ecological and ecotoxicological concepts.1.5 This guide (including Appendix X1) consists of a seriesof option
8、s or instructions and does not recommend a specificcourse of action or provide detailed guidelines to be followedat all sites. See 2.2.2 of Regulations Governing ASTM Techni-cal Committees.31.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It i
9、s theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:45E 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1689 Gu
10、ide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated Sites3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are provided specifically foruse with this guide. Many of the terms listed in this sectionhave been modified from those defined in other publications(1-8).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
11、 Standard:3.2.1 assessment endpointan explicit expression of anenvironmental value (ecological, not monetary) to be protected(3).3.2.1.1 DiscussionAn assessment endpoint is an ecologi-cal condition of potential concern or effect experienced by anecological receptor with ecological and societal value
12、 thatdrives risk-based decision-making at a contaminated site (forexample, a specific reduction in the abundance of a fishpopulation or the disruption of the structure of benthic com-munity). It is a qualitative, quantitative, or quantifiable expres-sion, measure, metric, or index involving an ecolo
13、gical recep-tor at risk. Under some circumstances, assessment endpointsmay be measured and used directly for assessment purposes.Assessment endpoints are the ultimate focus in risk character-ization and link measurement endpoints (see below) to policygoals and the risk management process (1-3, 5, 6,
14、 8).1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.05 on Risk Assessment, Communication and Management.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originallyapproved in 1996.
15、 Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1848 96(2003).2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.3Available from ASTM Headquarters.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
16、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5A bibliography of related references and documents is provided in AppendixX2.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
17、2959, United States.3.2.2 chemical stressora chemical, chemical mixture orradionuclide present in an environmental medium that isknown or suspected to induce an adverse biological, toxico-logical or ecological response in an exposed ecological recep-tor (3-8).3.2.2.1 DiscussionA chemical stressor is
18、 often referred toas an “ecological contaminant of concern.”3.2.3 exposure areaa geographic location in which one ormore site-related stressors are present and ecological receptorsare potentially exposed.3.2.4 direct effectan adverse impact on an exposed eco-logical receptor (for example, increased
19、mortality or reducedgrowth) as a result of the action of a site-related stressor.3.2.5 ecological endpointa general term to refer to anassessment or measurement endpoint in an ecological riskassessment (2,3).3.2.5.1 DiscussionMeasurement of chemical concentra-tions in soil, water, or air are not eco
20、logical endpoints; thesemeasurements indicate exposure levels that may be used toevaluate the potential for an ecological response.3.2.6 ecological receptorecosystems, habitats, communi-ties, populations, and individual organisms (except humans)that can be exposed directly or indirectly to site stre
21、ssors(3,4,7,8).3.2.7 endpointan ecological characteristic (measure, met-ric, or index) that may be adversely affected by a site-relatedstressor (4).3.2.8 indirect effectan adverse impact on an ecologicalreceptor (for example, predator) resulting from the direct effectof a stressor on another ecologi
22、cal receptor (for example,reduction in food supply or habitat).3.2.9 indicator speciesan organism that is typically com-mon and represents a broad class of species present at the siteor in surrounding areas, or both.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThere is sufficient information on itslife history and response to
23、 contaminants to construct a modelto predict (with uncertainty) the potential for effects.3.2.10 measurement endpointa measurable response to astressor (measure, metric, or index) that is quantifiably relatedto the valued characteristic chosen as the assessment endpoint(3).3.2.10.1 DiscussionExample
24、s of a measurement endpointare the reduction in the growth, survival, or reproduction ofminnows in a standard laboratory toxicity test. These examplesof measurement endpoints would be appropriate for assessmentendpoints defined as specific predefined reductions in thegrowth, survival, or reduction i
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