1、Designation: E 1916 97 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forIdentification and/or Segregation of Mixed Lots of Metals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1916; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the identification or segregation, orboth, of mixed metal lots under plant condition using tra
3、inedplant personnel.1.2 The identification is not intended to have the accuracyand reliability of procedures performed in a laboratory usinglaboratory equipment under optimum conditions, and per-formed by trained chemists or technicians. The identification isnot intended to establish whether a given
4、 piece or lot of metalmeets specifications.1.3 Segregation of certain metal combinations is not alwayspossible with procedures provided in this guide and can besubject to errors.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespons
5、ibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Precau-tions for Chemical Analysis of Metal
6、sE 977 Practice for Thermoelectric Sorting of ElectricallyConductive Materials2.2 Other ASTM Documents and Publications:STP 98 Symposium for Rapid Identification of Metal, June28, 19493. Significance and Use3.1 Equipment and procedures described in this guide arecomparative methods and are intended
7、for identification orsegregation, or both, of pieces or lots of metals that were mixedor lost their identity during certain manufacturing operations. Itis presumed that all pieces or lots of metal have beenpreviously checked and did meet applicable specifications.3.2 The equipment and procedures des
8、cribed in this guidemay also be suitable for identifying or segregating, or both,scrap metals.4. Equipment4.1 Optical Emission Spectroscopic or SpectrometricEquipment:4.1.1 Bench type spectroscopes generally with two sampletables and a split viewing field where the spectrum of theunknown piece can b
9、e visually and directly compared to that ofa piece of identified metal.4.1.2 Mobile spectrometric equipment with a remote sam-pling device. Two types of such units are described in 4.1.2.1and 4.1.2.2.4.1.2.1 Units where the particles removed by an arc or sparkin the remote sampling device are convey
10、ed to the main unit ina stream of inert gas and analyzed in the unit in a conventionalway with an arc, spark, or plasma.4.1.2.2 Units where the light generated from the arc or sparkat the remote sampling device is conveyed to the main unitwith fiberoptics, where it is analyzed in the conventional wa
11、y.(a) These units generally are programmed to produce anoutput that: (1) shows the designation of the alloy, (2) gives theapproximate elemental composition of the alloy, or (3) gives a“go” or “no-go” indication based on parameters programmedby the operator.(b) These units require careful calibration
12、 and depend on thequality and range of the reference materials used for thecalibration.4.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometric Equipment:4.2.1 The portable and mobile units are supplied with asource of radiation that can be an X-ray tube or radioactiveisotopes, generally a mixture of two or more isotop
13、es toprovide a larger spectrum coverage.4.2.1.1 These units are generally programmed to produce anoutput that: (1) shows the designation of the alloy, (2) gives theapproximate elemental composition of the alloy, or (3) gives a“go” or “no-go” indication based on parameters programmedby the operator (
14、see 4.1.2.2(b).4.3 Miscellaneous Sorting Instruments:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry of Metals, Ores and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Publishe
15、d June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1916-97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
16、Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3.1 All instruments based on comparative methods requirecareful calibration with appropriate reference materials.4.3.2 Thermoelectric ComparatorsInstru
17、ments are basedon the Seeback Effect. These instruments are not for identifi-cation of alloys, but for segregation of one metal alloy fromanother (See Practice E 977 and Materials Research andStandards3).4.3.3 Eddy-current InstrumentationThese instruments arenot for identification of alloys, but for
18、 segregation of identicalpieces of metal of identical shape and size based on theirmetallurgical condition or alloy composition under certaincircumstances.4.4 Non-Instrumental Sorting Equipment:4.4.1 GrinderHigh speed bench or portable grindstonesare frequently used for rough identification and sort
19、ing ofmetals by observation of the shape and color of the generatedspark.4.4.2 Drill Pressfor identification of drill cuttings bycomparison to a master set.4.4.3 Magnetfor separation of magnetic and non-magnetic alloys.4.4.4 Laboratory Equipment for Chemical SpotChecksAs required, generally eye-drop
20、pers, small reagentbottles, spot plates, etc., are used. All of the laboratoryequipment used, such as plastic bottles, eye-droppers, etc.,shall be unbreakable.5. Reagents5.1 Chemical Reagents are required if chemical spot checksare used in the identification of metal alloys, or for segregationof one
21、 alloy or one alloy group from another alloy or alloygroup. The list and makeup of the reagents is given inprocedures used. (Several procedures are provided in the ASMMetals Handbook,4the Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis,5STP98,6and Materials Research and Standards3).5.2 There are several Spot-test
22、kits on the market thatsupply the necessary reagents.7In most cases the reagents areidentified only as Solution #1, Solution #2, etc.6. Reference Materials6.1 Where the equipment or the procedure requires calibra-tion, the reference materials used should be reliable andappropriate to their usage.6.2
23、 No reference material should be used that was identifiedor analyzed on the same piece or type of equipment it isintended to calibrate.6.3 Reference materials used for X-ray fluorescence, ther-moelectric, or eddy-current instruments should not only havethe appropriate chemical composition, but also
24、have appropri-ate metallurgical properties.6.3.1 Where the reference materials are to be used tocalibrate instruments based on eddy-current, the size and shapeof the reference sample should be identical in size, shape, andof the test pieces.6.4 Reference materials should also be used for chemicalspo
25、t checks. They should have a considerable surface area, andthe surface finish should match that of the pieces to be tested.7. Hazards7.1 When using grinding wheels, regardless of whether theyare used for surface preparation or for identification of metalsby spark testing, proper eye protection shoul
26、d be used at alltimes.7.2 Manufacturers safety instructions regarding spectro-scopic, spectrometric, and other equipment using electriccurrent should be carefully followed.7.2.1 Proper grounding is especially important for electricalequipment used under plant conditions.7.2.2 Wet floor conditions sh
27、ould be considered.7.3 Reagents involved in spot tests can be highly reactive,and proper hand and eye protection shall be provided and used.7.3.1 In case of commercially sold spot test solutions, thereagents are not identified by the chemical name and concen-tration in many cases. The MSDSs that cam
28、e with the reagentsshould be carefully studied, and safety precautions followed.7.3.2 A special warning shall be given for HF and solutionscontaining fluorides. Safety precautions (Practices E 50)should be followed.8. Procedure8.1 Actual identification and sorting procedures will dependon the instru
29、ment used in the case of spectroscopic, spectro-metric, thermoelectric, or eddy-current methods, or the chemi-cal reactions involved in the chemical spotchecks.8.2 Carefully follow instructions for instrumental and non-instrumental sorting and carefully and thoroughly train em-ployees using the proc
30、edures in the proper use of the equip-ment.8.2.1 Consider equipment limitations at all times, and do notexceed limitations.8.3 In the case of instruments where the readout is in theform of an alloy name or code, carefully check the calibrationwith several reference materials for each alloy. The refe
31、rencematerials used for the calibration should not be used for thischeck.8.4 Run reference materials at frequent intervals during allidentification and segregation operations.8.5 The surface of the reference materials and samplesshould be free from contamination, including oxidation, to giveinterfer
32、ence free results. Surface preparation using a grinder isoften required.8.6 Surface preparation using grinders can considerablyalter the results of chemical spot checks because of theincreased surface area caused by the grooves caused by thegrinder and the increased speed of the chemical reaction du
33、e toincreased temperature caused by the grinding operation. If thesurface of the samples is ground, the surface of the referencematerials should be ground at the same time.3Materials Research and Standards, 10(11), November 1970, pp. 8-18.4ASM Metals Handbook, Vol 11, 8th Edition, available from ASM
34、 International,Materials Park, OH 44073-0002.5Fiegel, F., Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis, 5th Ed., Elsevier Science, 655Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010.6STP 98, Symposium for Rapid Identification of Metal, June 28, 1949.7Spot-test kits are available from Koslow Scientific Co., Edgewater
35、, NJ 07020.E 1916 97 (2004)28.7 The identification can range from a small percentage to100 %, depending on several factors, such as:8.7.1 The end use of the material,8.7.2 Agreement between buyer and seller if the material isbeing sold,8.7.3 The type of alloy contamination, and8.7.4 Value of the mat
36、erial.8.8 If compliance to a specification of the segregatedmaterial is required, sampling and quantitative testing andcertification of the segregated lot has to be performed indepen-dently of procedures performed in accordance with this guide.8.9 When segregation of materials is performed, identifi
37、edand segregated material should be appropriately marked andpreferably placed in identified containers.9. Report9.1 Usually no laboratory type reports are issued for iden-tification or segregation, or both, of mixed metal lots.9.2 If a report is issued, it should clearly state the type ofidentificat
38、ion or segregation operation the report is based on. Italso should state that this is not a laboratory report.9.3 If certification to a certain specification is required,separate sampling and quantitative testing has to be performedas stated in 8.8.10. Keywords10.1 chemical spot test; eddy-current;
39、identification; segre-gation; sorting; spectrometry; spectroscopy; thermoelectricASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the va
40、lidity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your co
41、mments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments hav
42、e not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1916 97 (2004)3
