1、Designation: E 1921 09bStandard Test Method forDetermination of Reference Temperature, To, for FerriticSteels in the Transition Range1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1921; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of a referencetemperature, To, which characterizes th
3、e fracture toughness offerritic steels that experience onset of cleavage cracking atelastic, or elastic-plastic KJcinstabilities, or both. The specifictypes of ferritic steels (3.2.1) covered are those with yieldstrengths ranging from 275 to 825 MPa (40 to 120 ksi) andweld metals, after stress-relie
4、f annealing, that have 10 % orless strength mismatch relative to that of the base metal.1.2 The specimens covered are fatigue precracked single-edge notched bend bars, SE(B), and standard or disk-shapedcompact tension specimens, C(T) or DC(T). A range ofspecimen sizes with proportional dimensions is
5、 recommended.The dimension on which the proportionality is based isspecimen thickness.1.3 Median KJcvalues tend to vary with the specimen typeat a given test temperature, presumably due to constraintdifferences among the allowable test specimens in 1.2. Thedegree of KJcvariability among specimen typ
6、es is analyticallypredicted to be a function of the material flow properties (1)2and decreases with increasing strain hardening capacity for agiven yield strength material. This KJcdependency ultimatelyleads to discrepancies in calculated Tovalues as a function ofspecimen type for the same material.
7、 Tovalues obtained fromC(T) specimens are expected to be higher than Tovaluesobtained from SE(B) specimens. Best estimate comparisons ofseveral materials indicate that the average difference betweenC(T) and SE(B)-derived Tovalues is approximately 10C (2).C(T) and SE(B) Todifferences up to 15C have a
8、lso beenrecorded (3). However, comparisons of individual, smalldatasets may not necessarily reveal this average trend. Datasetswhich contain both C(T) and SE(B) specimens may generateToresults which fall between the Tovalues calculated usingsolely C(T) or SE(B) specimens. It is therefore stronglyrec
9、ommended that the specimen type be reported along withthe derived Tovalue in all reporting, analysis, and discussion ofresults. This recommended reporting is in addition to therequirements in 11.1.1.1.4 Requirements are set on specimen size and the numberof replicate tests that are needed to establi
10、sh acceptablecharacterization of KJcdata populations.1.5 Tois dependent on loading rate. Tois evaluated for aquasi-static loading rate range with 0.1 2MPa=m/s).1.6 The statistical effects of specimen size on KJcin thetransition range are treated using weakest-link theory (4)applied to a three-parame
11、ter Weibull distribution of fracturetoughness values. A limit on KJcvalues, relative to thespecimen size, is specified to ensure high constraint conditionsalong the crack front at fracture. For some materials, particu-larly those with low strain hardening, this limit may not besufficient to ensure t
12、hat a single-parameter (KJc) adequatelydescribes the crack-front deformation state (5).1.7 Statistical methods are employed to predict the transi-tion toughness curve and specified tolerance bounds for 1Tspecimens of the material tested. The standard deviation of thedata distribution is a function o
13、f Weibull slope and median KJc.The procedure for applying this information to the establish-ment of transition temperature shift determinations and theestablishment of tolerance limits is prescribed.1.8 The fracture toughness evaluation of nonuniform mate-rial is not amenable to the statistical anal
14、ysis methods em-ployed in this standard. Materials must have macroscopicallyuniform tensile and toughness properties. For example, multi-pass weldments can create heat-affected and brittle zones withlocalized properties that are quite different from either the bulkmaterial or weld. Thick section ste
15、el also often exhibits somevariation in properties near the surfaces. Metallography andinitial screening may be necessary to verify the applicability ofthese and similarly graded materials. Particular notice shouldbe given to the 2% and 98% tolerance bounds on KJcpresented1This test method is under
16、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigueand Fracture and is the direct responsibility of E08.07 on Fracture Mechanics.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E 1921 09a.2The boldface numbers in paren
17、theses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in 9.3. Data falling outside these bounds may indicate nonuni-form material properties.1.9 This standard does not purpo
18、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E4 P
19、ractices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 8/E 8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of MetallicMaterialsE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing ofMetallic MaterialsE74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instru-ments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Ma-chinesE 20
20、8 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test toDetermine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of FerriticSteelsE 399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain FractureToughness KIcof Metallic MaterialsE 436 Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of FerriticSteelsE 561 Test Method for K-R Curve De
21、terminationE 1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Tough-nessE 1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Test-ing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology given in Terminology E 1823 is applicableto this test method.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 ferritic steelsare typically carbon, low-alloy, andhigher a
22、lloy grades. Typical microstructures are bainite, tem-pered bainite, tempered martensite, and ferrite and pearlite.Allferritic steels have body centered cubic crystal structures thatdisplay ductile-to-cleavage transition temperature fracturetoughness characteristics. See also Test Methods E 23, E 20
23、8and E 436.NOTE 1This definition is not intended to imply that all of the manypossible types of ferritic steels have been verified as being amenable toanalysis by this test method.3.2.2 stress-intensity factor, KFL 3/2the magnitude ofthe mathematically ideal crack-tip stress field coefficient (stres
24、sfield singularity) for a particular mode of crack-tip regiondeformation in a homogeneous body.3.2.3 DiscussionIn this test method, Mode I is assumed.See Terminology E 1823 for further discussion.3.2.4 J-integral, JFL1a mathematical expression; aline or surface integral that encloses the crack front
25、 from onecrack surface to the other; used to characterize the localstress-strain field around the crack front (6). See TerminologyE 1823 for further discussion.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 control force, PmFa calculated value of maximumforce used in Test Method E 1820, Eq
26、s. A1.1 and A2.1 tostipulate allowable precracking limits.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIn this method, Pmis not used forprecracking, but is used as a minimum force value above whichpartial unloading is started for crack growth measurement.3.3.2 crack initiationdescribes the onset of crack propa-gation from a p
27、reexisting macroscopic crack created in thespecimen by a stipulated procedure.3.3.3 effective modulus, EeFL2an elastic modulus thatcan be used with experimentally determined elastic complianceto effect an exact match to theoretical (modulus-normalized)compliance for the actual initial crack size, ao
28、.3.3.4 effective yield strength, sYFL-2, an assumed valueof uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plasticyielding upon fracture test parameters.3.3.4.1 DiscussionIt is calculated as the average of the 0.2% offset yield strength sYS, and the ultimate tensile strength,sTSas follows:
29、sY5 sYS1sTS!23.3.5 elastic modulus, E8FL2a linear-elastic factor re-lating stress to strain, the value of which is dependent on thedegree of constraint. For plane stress, E8 = E is used, and forplane strain, E/(1 v2) is used, with E being Youngs modulusand v being Poissons ratio.3.3.6 elastic plasti
30、c JcFL1J-integral at the onset ofcleavage fracture.3.3.7 elastic-plastic KJFL3/2An elastic-plastic equiva-lent stress intensity factor derived from the J-integral.3.3.7.1 DiscussionIn this test method, KJalso implies astress intensity factor determined at the test termination pointunder conditions d
31、etermined to be invalid by 8.9.2.3.3.8 elastic-plastic KJcFL3/2an elastic-plastic equiva-lent stress intensity factor derived from the J-integral at thepoint of onset of cleavage fracture, Jc.3.3.9 equivalent value of median toughness, KJcmed!eqFL-3/2an equivalent value of the median toughness for a
32、multi-temperature data set.3.3.10 Eta (h)a dimensionless parameter that relates plas-tic work done on a specimen to crack growth resistance definedin terms of deformation theory J-integral (7).3.3.11 failure probability, pfthe probability that a singleselected specimen chosen at random from a popula
33、tion ofspecimens will fail at or before reaching the KJcvalue ofinterest.3.3.12 initial ligament length, boL the distance from theinitial crack tip, ao, to the back face of a specimen.3.3.13 load-line displacement rate,DLLLT-1rate of in-crease of specimen load-line displacement.3.3.14 pop-ina discon
34、tinuity in a force versus displace-ment test record (8).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E 192
35、1 09b23.3.14.1 DiscussionApop-in event is usually audible, andis a sudden cleavage crack initiation event followed by crackarrest.Atest record will show increased displacement and dropin applied force if the test frame is stiff. Subsequently, the testrecord may continue on to higher forces and incre
36、ased dis-placement.3.3.15 precracked Charpy specimenSE(B) specimen withW = B = 10 mm (0.394 in.).3.3.16 provisional reference temperature, (ToQ) CInterim Tovalue calculated using the standard test methoddescribed herein. If all validity criteria are met then To=ToQ3.3.17 reference temperature, ToCTh
37、e test temperatureat which the median of the KJcdistribution from 1T sizespecimens will equal 100 MPa=m (91.0 ksi=in.).3.3.18 SE(B) specimen span, SLthe distance betweenspecimen supports (See Test Method E 1820 Fig. 3).3.3.19 specimen thickness, BLthe distance between theparallel sides of a test spe
38、cimen as depicted in Figs. 1-3.3.3.19.1 DiscussionIn the case of side-grooved speci-mens, the net thickness, BN, is the distance between the roots ofthe side-groove notches.3.3.20 specimen size, nTa code used to define specimendimensions, where n is expressed in multiples of 1 in.3.3.20.1 Discussion
39、In this method, specimen proportion-ality is required. For compact specimens and bend bars,specimen thickness B=ninches.3.3.21 temperature, To,XestCestimated value of the refer-ence temperature corresponding to an elevated loading rate X,to be used only for test temperature selection in accordancewi
40、th 8.4.2.3.3.22 temperature, TQCFor KJcvalues that are devel-oped using specimens or test practices, or both, that do notconform to the requirements of this test method, a temperatureat which KJc (med)= 100 MPa=m is defined as TQ.TQis not aprovisional value of To.3.3.23 test loading rate KFL-3/2T-1r
41、ate of increase ofapplied stress intensity factor.3.3.23.1 DiscussionIt is generally evaluated as the ratiobetween KJcand the corresponding time to cleavage. For testswhere partial unloading compliance an equivalent time tocleavage tcshall be used to calculate the loading rate.The valueof tcis calcu
42、lated as the ratio between the value of load-linedisplacement at cleavage and the load-line displacement rateapplied during the monotonic loading portions of the test (thatis, the periods between partial unloading/reloading sequencesused for compliance measurement).3.3.24 time to control force, tmT,
43、time to Pm.3.3.25 Weibull fitting parameter, K0a scale parameterlocated at the 63.2 % cumulative failure probability level (9).KJc=K0when pf= 0.632.3.3.26 Weibull slope, bwith pfand KJcdata pairs plotted inlinearized Weibull coordinates obtainable by rearranging Eq.15, b is the slope of a line that
44、defines the characteristics of thetypical scatter of KJcdata.3.3.26.1 DiscussionA Weibull slope of 4 is used exclu-sively in this method.3.3.27 yield strength, sYSFL2the stress at which amaterial exhibits a specific limiting deviation from the propor-tionality of stress to strain at the test tempera
45、ture. Thisdeviation is expressed in terms of strain.3.3.27.1 Discussion1 It is customary to determine yieldstrength by either (1) Offset Method (usually a strain of 0.2 %is specified) or (2) Total-Extension-Under-Force Method (usu-ally a strain of 0.5 % is specified although other values of strainma
46、y be used).3.3.27.2 Discussion2 Whenever yield strength is speci-fied, the method of test must be stated along with the percentoffset or total strain under force. The values obtained by thetwo methods may differ.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method involves the testing of notched andfatigue
47、 precracked bend or compact specimens in a tempera-ture range where either cleavage cracking or crack pop-indevelop during the loading of specimens. Crack aspect ratio,a/W, is nominally 0.5. Specimen width in compact specimensis two times the thickness. In bend bars, specimen width can beeither one
48、or two times the thickness.4.2 Force versus displacement across the notch at a speci-fied location is recorded by autographic recorder or computerdata acquisition, or both. Fracture toughness is calculated at adefined condition of crack instability. The J-integral value atinstability, Jc, is calcula
49、ted and converted into its equivalent inunits of stress intensity factor, KJc. Validity limits are set on thesuitability of data for statistical analyses.4.3 Tests that are replicated at least six times can be used toestimate the median KJcof the Weibull distribution for the datapopulation (10). Extensive data scatter among replicate tests isexpected. Statistical methods are used to characterize thesedata populations and to predict changes in data distributionswith changed spe
