1、Designation: E1971 05 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Guide forStewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial andInstitutional Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a procedure to assist owners andoperators of commercial and institutional buildings i
3、n thestewardship of cleaning and housekeeping operations. Thefocus of this guide is to address appropriate cleaning activitiesand processes, to promote eco-efficiency and sustainability, andto avoid adverse impacts on the building occupants, cleaningpersonnel, the building structure itself, and the
4、environment.Adherence to the principles set forth in this guide can lead togreater tenant/occupant satisfaction, reduced operational costsand greater productivity (of occupants and cleaning personnel).1.2 This guide will focus on the development of a steward-ship plan and will include the assessment
5、 of cleaning pro-cesses, product selection, storage, usage, disposal, equipment,training of cleaning personnel and communication throughoutthe chain-of-commerce.1.3 This guide addresses issues relating to the operation andmaintenance of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning(HVAC) systems whi
6、ch can have a major impact on indoor airquality (IAQ) only to the extent that the HVAC systemprovides adequate ventilation to lower risk to cleaning person-nel, building occupants and the environment during or as aresult of the cleaning process.1.4 This guide is for use in a building that is maintai
7、ned byeither in-house cleaning personnel or an outside cleaningcontractor.1.5 This guide is not intended for construction relatedactivities, but may be appropriate for post construction clean-up.1.6 This guide is not intended as a procedural guide forcleaning personnel.1.7 This guide is not intended
8、 for use in residential build-ings.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action.
9、 This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given prof
10、essional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.10 This standard does not purport to address
11、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology
12、of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-formance of Buildings2.2 Other Standards:3ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toTerminology E631.3.
13、1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114. Someof these terms are reprinted here for ease of use.3.1.3 life-cycle, n(1) the length of time over which aninvestment is analyzed; and E8331This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
14、ittee E60 on Sustainabilityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construc-tion.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1971 05. DOI:10.1520/E1971-05R11.2For referenced A
15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. d
16、ela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(2) consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system,from raw material acquisition or generatio
17、n of natural re-sources to the final disposal. ISO 140403.1.3.1 DiscussionRefer to the distinction between LCAand LCC. through which vapors are released from materials.3.1.4 2 life-cycle assessment (LCA), na method of evalu-ating a product by reviewing the ecological impact over the lifeof the produ
18、ct.3.1.4.1 DiscussionAt each stage, the product and itscomponents are evaluated based upon materials and energyconsumed, and the pollution and waste produced. Life stagesinclude extraction of raw materials, processing and fabrication,transportation, installation, use and maintenance, and reuse/recyc
19、ling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCA as the compilationand evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environ-mental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.3.1.5 life-cycle cost (LCC) method, na technique of eco-nomic evaluation that sums over a given study period the costsof
20、 initial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-tions (including energy use), and maintenance and repair of aninvestment decision (expressed in present or annual valueterms).3.1.5.1 DiscussionLCC is distinct from LCA in that LCAis an environmental review methodology and LCC is aneconomi
21、c review methodology.3.1.6 non-renewable resource, na resource that exists in afixed amount in various places in the earths crust and thatcannot be replenished on a human time scale.3.1.6.1 DiscussionNon-renewable resources have the po-tential for renewal only by geological, physical, and chemicalpr
22、ocesses taking place over hundreds of millions of years.Non-renewable resources exist in various places in earthscrust. Examples include: iron ore, coal, and oil.3.1.7 perpetual resource, na resource that is virtuallyinexhaustible on a human time scale.3.1.7.1 DiscussionExamples include solar energy
23、, tidalenergy, and wind energy.3.1.8 renewable resource, na resource that is grown,naturally replenished, or cleansed, at a rate which exceedsdepletion of the usable supply of that resource.3.1.8.1 DiscussionArenewable resource can be exhaustedif improperly managed. However, a renewable resource can
24、last indefinitely with proper stewardship. Examples include:trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, and fertile soil.3.1.9 sustainability, nthe maintenance of ecosystem com-ponents and functions for future generations.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chain-of-commercemanufac
25、turers and suppliers ofraw materials; manufacturers, marketers, and distributors ofbuilding cleaning products (and systems/equipment); buildingowners and managers; building cleaning contractors; andcleaning personnel.3.2.2 commercial and institutional buildingsindoor orenclosed workspaces such as of
26、fice buildings, educationalfacilities, health care facilities, retail establishments, and othersimilar facilities, but not including manufacturing and produc-tion facilities, warehouses, residences, and agricultural opera-tions.3.2.3 eco-effciencythe delivery of competitively pricedgoods and service
27、s that satisfy human needs and bring qualityof life, while progressively reducing negative ecological im-pacts and natural resource intensity throughout the life cycle, toa level at least in line with the Earths carrying capacity.3.2.4 hazardthe potential health or physical effect(s) at-tributable t
28、o a specific chemical, mixture, or physical agent.3.2.5 material safety data sheet (MSDS)a written orprinted material concerning a hazardous chemical which con-tains the information set forth in the OSHA Hazard Commu-nication Standard (see paragraph (g) of 29 CFR 1910.1200)(1).43.2.6 pollutantany su
29、bstance that directly or indirectlycreates an adverse human health or environmental effect whenintroduced into any environmental media.53.2.7 pollution preventionthe act of reducing or eliminat-ing the use, release, or generation of a pollutant or potentialpollutant through source reduction, recycli
30、ng, reuse, reclama-tion, or modification of operating practices.3.2.8 riskthe probability of deleterious health or environ-mental effects, (2).3.2.9 stewardshipcareful and responsible management,especially with respect to avoiding negative environmentalimpacts and to promoting sustainability.3.2.10
31、worker participationthe involvement of cleaningpersonnel or their representatives, or both, in all aspects of thecleaning process; including product selection, evaluation andappropriate work practices, training, and communication ofhazards, and “the process of work.”4. Significance and Use4.1 Cleani
32、ng provides well documented benefits in terms ofcreating cleaner, safer, and healthier surroundings by extractingharmful pollutants from the indoor environment (see Ref (3).An improperly maintained indoor environment could give riseto biological contaminants, and buildup of particulate matterand gas
33、es which can have serious health effects. These negativeimpacts may have adverse affects on worker productivityaffecting both cleaning personnel and tenants through in-creased complaints, absenteeism, injuries, asthmatic incidents,or other symptoms. Inappropriate or improper use or selectionof clean
34、ing products and processes, along with failure to followlabel directions could result in injury or illness to cleaningpersonnel or building occupants. In addition, it may bedetrimental to the physical structure and systems of thebuilding, or to the environment. Moreover, owners and opera-tors mainta
35、in the liability for the proper function of thebuilding and its impacts on the occupants and cleaningpersonnel.4.1.1 This guide provides a basic reference for the develop-ment and preservation of a building environment that isconsidered safe and healthy for occupants, while reducing the4The boldface
36、 numbers given in parentheses refer to the list of references at theend of this standard.5It should be noted that ASTMs definition of Pollution Prevention is differentfrom some definitions used by the Environmental Protection Agency. See, forexample, 58Fed.Reg.6478 (Jan. 29, 1993, Council on Environ
37、mental Quality), and58Fed.Reg.41,981 (Aug. 6, 1993, Executive Order).E1971 05 (2011)2stress on the overall environment as a result of routinemaintenance. The anticipated users of this guide includebuilding managers, cleaning personnel, product suppliers anddistributors, union representatives, and bu
38、ilding occupants whoserve together in a stewardship role regarding the maintenanceof the building. This guide is intended to raise pertinentquestions regarding specific building environments in orderthat an appropriate stewardship strategy may be developed, forexample:4.1.1.1 How is the building use
39、d?4.1.1.2 Are there any special cleaning requirements?4.1.1.3 Are there any at-risk populations that need to beconsidered, such as children, asthmatics, or pregnant woman?4.1.1.4 How are cleaning materials used?4.1.1.5 Are there any special issues relevant to constructionand furnishings?4.1.1.6 Are
40、there any issues relating to building age/architectural, such as historic preservation requirements?4.1.1.7 are there any engineering concerns, such as HVACsystems and natural ventilation?4.1.1.8 How is the quality of cleaning being evaluated ormeasured?4.1.2 Regardless of the specific requirements,
41、 this guide willhelp in the formulation of a comprehensive plan resulting inreduced risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants, and theenvironment.4.2 This guide will help the building owner and operatorunderstand the cleaning process through the following:4.2.1 The development of a stewardship
42、plan (see Section6), will clarify the level of cleanliness that is required orexpected, and will ensure that the cleaning process is carriedout in a consistent manner with adequate communicationfeedback to promote success of the plan.4.2.2 An understanding of extended product responsibility(see Sect
43、ion 7) and the importance of shared responsibility.This section includes task identification and performancerequirements, process and product selection, use, storage, anddisposal.4.2.3 An identification of the training and communicationsissues (see Section 8) that will encourage involvement with the
44、entire chain-of-commerce in the cleaning process. These issuesare related to both procedural training and feedback opportu-nities for cleaning personnel, as well as information sharingwith building tenants to inform them of possible cleaningprocess impacts.5. Stewardship Principles5.1 Stewardship Pr
45、inciplesA building owner or operatorshould manage the cleaning process according to the followingstewardship principles:5.1.1 Take a comprehensive process approach to cleaning.This includes:5.1.1.1 Identifying the cleaning task and performance re-quirements,5.1.1.2 Defining or outlining steps of the
46、 cleaning proce-dure,5.1.1.3 Selecting the correct products and equipment,5.1.1.4 Training cleaning personnel to use correct proce-dures and to understand the potential health, safety, andenvironmental impacts of the cleaning products and processes,5.1.1.5 Ongoing inspection and monitoring programs,
47、5.1.1.6 Communicating clearly with building occupants,and5.1.1.7 Practicing appropriate storage and disposal methods.5.1.2 Focusing on only a single area can create unantici-pated adverse impacts in other areas.5.1.3 Foster participation of cleaning personnel and build-ing occupants. A successful cl
48、eaning program should encour-age participation and input along the entire chain-of-commerce. Cleaning personnel need to participate in theplanning, implementation, and continual improvement of thecleaning program. Building occupants should be given theopportunity to participate.5.1.4 Clean to protec
49、t health and safety. Appearances maybe deceptive. Even buildings that appear to be clean can beunhealthy. Focus on cleaning for health and safety by control-ling microorganisms, spills, gases, dust particles, and so forth.In most cases the appearance will be addressed at the sametime.5.1.5 Clean and maintain the building as a whole, not justseparate components. Cleaning and maintenance in one area ofa building can have a major impact on other areas. Appropriateactions should take place to ensure the health and safetythroughout the entire building, in
