1、Designation: E 1995 04aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a ConicalRadiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the TestSpecimen Oriented Horizontally1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1995; the number immediately follow
2、ing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-te
3、st-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smokeobscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials,products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not ex-ceeding 25 mm 1 in. in thickness, in a horizontal orientation,exposed to specified levels of ther
4、mal irradiance, from aconical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a singleclosed chamber. Optional testing modes exclude the pilotflame.1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristic obtainedfrom this test method is the specific optical density of smokefrom the specimens tested, which
5、is obtained as a function oftime, for a period of 10 min.1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurablewith this test method is the mass optical density (see AnnexA1), which is the specific optical density of smoke divided bythe mass lost by the specimens during the test.1.5 The fire-t
6、est-response characteristics obtained from thistest are specific to the specimen tested, in the form andthickness tested, and are not an inherent property of thematerial, product, or assembly.1.6 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of the test specimens under fire co
7、nditionsother than those conditions specified in this test method. Forlimitations of this test method, see 5.5.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; seeIEEE/ASTM SI-10. The inch-pound units given in brackets arefor information only.1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe
8、theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing of products and materia
9、ls is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests. This test methodmay involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.See also 6.2.1.2, Section 7, and 11.7.2.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
10、 concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2843 Test Method for Density of
11、Smoke from the Burn-ing or Decomposition of PlasticsD 4100 Test Method for Gravimetric Determination ofSmoke Particulates from Combustion of Plastic MaterialsD 5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of InsulatingMaterials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cabl
12、e Tray ConfigurationE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseR
13、ates for Materials and ProductsE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or1This test method is under the juris
14、diction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 1995 - 04.2For referenced ASTM
15、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock
16、en, PA 19428-2959, United States.Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-ture ItemsE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Practice for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modernized M
17、etric System2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO Guide 52Glossary of Fire Terms and DefinitionsISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 5659-2 Determination of Specific Optical Density by aSingle-Chamber TestISO 5725 Precision of Test MethodsDetermination ofRepeatability and Reproducibility for Standard TestMethod by Int
18、erlaboratory Tests2.3 British Standards:BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Radiometers for Use inFire Testing43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E 176 and ISO 3261. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E 176 shallprev
19、ail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a com-bination of materials or products, or both.3.2.2 composite, na combination of materials, whichgenerally are recognized as distinct entities, for example coatedor laminated materials.3.2.3 co
20、ntinuous (as related to data acquisition), adjconducted at data collection intervals of 5s or less.3.2.4 essentially flat surface, nsurface where the irregu-larity from a plane does not exceed 61 mm.3.2.5 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimensubjected to the incident heat.3.2.6 flaming mode
21、, nthe mode of testing that uses a pilotflame.3.2.7 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe combustion may be evidenced byglow, flame, detonation, or explosion. The combustion may besustained or transient.3.2.8 mass optical density, nthe ratio of the opticaldensity of smoke and
22、 the mass loss of the test specimen,multiplied by the volume of the test chamber and divided bythe length of the light path.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe mass optical density as determinedin this test method is not an intrinsic material property; it is afunction of the test procedure and conditions used.3.2
23、.9 Nonflaming mode, nthe mode of testing that doesnot use a pilot flame.3.2.10 sample, nan amount of the material, product, orassembly, to be tested, which is representative of the item as awhole.3.2.11 smoke obscuration, nthe reduction in visibility dueto smoke (ISO Guide 52).3.2.12 specimen, nthe
24、actual section of material, product,or assembly, to be placed in the test apparatus.3.2.13 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the testand the presence of a flame on the specimen surface for aperiod of at least 4s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method assesses the reduction of light
25、 bysmoke obscuration from a burning sample. The test methodemploys a conically-shaped, electrically-heated, radiant-energysource to produce irradiance levels of 25 and 50 kW/m2,averaged over the center of the exposed surface of an essen-tially flat specimen, and mounted horizontally inside a closedc
26、hamber. The equipment is suitable for testing at irradiancelevels of up to 50 kW/m2.4.2 The specimen is 75 by 75 mm 3 by 3 in., at a thicknessnot exceeding 25 mm 1 in. and is mounted horizontallywithin a holder.4.3 The exposure is conducted in the presence or in theabsence of a pilot flame (see deta
27、ils in 6.3.6). If a pilot flameis used for ignition, the test is deemed to be in the “flaming”mode; if a pilot flame is not used, the test is deemed to be in the“nonflaming” mode.4.4 The test specimens are exposed to flaming or nonflam-ing conditions within a closed chamber. A photometric systemwith
28、 a vertical light path is used to measure the varying lighttransmission as smoke accumulates. The light transmittancemeasurements are used to calculate the specific optical densityof the smoke generated during the test.4.5 The specimens are exposed to two conditions, out of thefour standard exposure
29、 conditions, to be chosen by the testrequester. The four standard exposure conditions are: flamingmode at an irradiance of 25 kW/m2, flaming mode at anirradiance of 50 kW/m2; nonflaming mode at an irradiance of25 kW/m2; and, nonflaming mode at an irradiance of 50kW/m2. Unless specified otherwise, co
30、nduct testing in the twoflaming mode exposure conditions (see 8.3, X1.3 and X1.4).Exposures to other irradiances also are possible.4.6 Mass optical density is an optional fire-test-responsecharacteristic obtainable from this test method, by using a loadcell, which continuously monitors the mass of t
31、he test speci-men (see Annex A1).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means for determining thespecific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens ofmaterials, products, or assemblies under the specified exposureconditions. Values determined by this test are specific to th
32、especimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherentfundamental properties of the material, product, or assemblytested.5.2 This test method uses a photometric scale to measuresmoke obscuration, which is similar to the optical density scale3Available from International Standardization Orga
33、nization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland, or from American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from British Standards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K.E 1995 04a2for human vision. The test method does not
34、measure physi-ological aspects associated with vision.5.3 At the present time no basis exists for predicting thesmoke obscuration to be generated by the specimens uponexposure to heat or flame under any fire conditions other thanthose specified. Moreover, as with many smoke obscurationtest methods,
35、the correlation with measurements by other testmethods has not been established.5.4 The current smoke density chamber test, Test MethodE 662, is used by specifiers of floor coverings and in the railtransportation industries. The measurement of smoke obscura-tion is important to the researcher and th
36、e product developmentscientist. This test method, which incorporates improvementsover Test Method E 662, also will increase the usefulness ofsmoke obscuration measurements to the specifier and toproduct manufacturers.5.4.1 The following are improvements offered by this testmethod over Test Method E
37、662: the horizontal specimenorientation solves the problem of melting and flaming dripsfrom vertically oriented specimens; the conical heat sourceprovides a more uniform heat input; the heat input can bevaried over a range of up to 50 kW/m2, rather than having afixed value of 25 kW/m2; and, the (opt
38、ional) load cell permitscalculations to be made of mass optical density, which associ-ates the smoke obscuration fire-test-response characteristicmeasured with the mass loss.5.5 Limitations5:5.5.1 The following behavior during a test renders that testinvalid: a specimen being displaced from the zone
39、 of controlledirradiance so as to touch the pilot burner or the pilot flame;extinction of the pilot flame (even for a short period of time) inthe flaming mode; molten material overflowing the specimenholder; or, self-ignition in the nonflaming mode.5.5.2 As is usual in small-scale test methods, resu
40、lts ob-tained from this test method have proven to be affected byvariations in specimen geometry, surface orientation, thickness(either overall or individual layer), mass, and composition.5.5.3 The results of the test apply only to the thickness ofthe specimen as tested. No simple mathematical formu
41、la existsto calculate the specific optical density of a specimen at aspecimen thickness different from the thickness at which it wastested. The literature contains some information on a relation-ship between optical density and specimen thickness 1.65.5.4 Results obtained from this test method are a
42、ffected byvariations in the position of the specimen and radiometerrelative to the radiant heat source, since the relative positioningaffects the radiant heat flux (see also Appendix X2).5.5.5 The test results have proven sensitive to excessiveaccumulations of residue in the chamber, which serve asa
43、dditional insulators, tending to reduce normally expectedcondensation of the aerosol, thereby raising the measuredspecific optical density (see 5.5.8.3 and 11.1.2).5.5.6 The measurements obtained have also proven sensi-tive to differences in conditioning (see Section 10). Manymaterials, products, or
44、 assemblies, such as some carpeting,wood, plastics, or textiles, require long periods to attainequilibrium (constant weight) even in a forced-draft condition-ing chamber. This sensitivity reflects the inherent naturalvariability of the sample and is not specific to the test method.5.5.7 In this proc
45、edure, the specimens are subjected to oneor more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If differenttest conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not necessarily possible by or from this testmethod to predict changes in the fire-test-response character-istics meas
46、ured; therefore, the results are valid only for the firetest exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.5.8 This test method solves some limitations associatedwith other closed chamber test methods, such as Test MethodE 662 2-5 (see 5.4.1). The test method retains some limita-tions related to
47、 closed chamber tests, as detailed in 5.5.8.1-5.5.8.5.5.5.8.1 Information relating the specific optical densityobtained by this test method to the mass lost by the specimenduring the test is possible only by using the (optional) load cell,to determine the mass optical density (see Annex A1).5.5.8.2
48、All specimens consume oxygen when combusted.The smoke generation of some specimens (especially thoseundergoing rapid combustion and those which are heavy andmultilayered) is influenced by the oxygen concentration in thechamber. Thus, if the atmosphere inside the chamber becomesoxygen-deficient befor
49、e the end of the experiment, combustionmay ceases for some specimens; therefore, it is possible thatthose layers furthest away from the radiant source will notundergo combustion.5.5.8.3 The presence of walls causes losses through depo-sition of combustion particulates.5.5.8.4 Soot and other solid or liquid combustion productssettle on the optical surfaces during a test, resulting inpotentially higher smoke density measurements than those dueto the smoke in suspension.5.5.8.5 This test method does not carry out dynamic mea-surements as smoke simply continues
