1、Designation: E1996 14aStandard Specification forPerformance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, andImpact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debrisin Hurricanes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers exterior windows, glazed cur-t
3、ain walls, doors, and impact protective systems used inbuildings located in geographic regions that are prone tohurricanes.1.1.1 ExceptionExterior garage doors and rolling doorsare governed by ANSI/DASMA 115 and are beyond the scopeof this specification.1.2 This specification provides the informatio
4、n required toconduct Test Method E1886.1.3 Qualification under this specification provides a basisfor judgment of the ability of applicable elements of thebuilding envelope to remain unbreached during a hurricane;thereby minimizing the damaging effects of hurricanes on thebuilding interior and reduc
5、ing the magnitude of internalpressurization. While this standard was developed forhurricanes, it may be used for other types of similar wind-storms capable of generating windborne debris.1.4 This specification provides a uniform set of guidelinesbased upon currently available information and researc
6、h.2Asnew information and research becomes available it will beconsidered.1.5 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regardedas standard. Values given in parentheses are for informationonly. Where certain values contained in reference documentscited and quoted herein are stated in inch-pound
7、 units theymust be converted by the user.1.6 The following precautionary statement pertains only tothe test method portion, Section 5, of this specification:Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof thi
8、s standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-meric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (HockmanCycle)C1135 Test M
9、ethod for Determining TensileAdhesion Prop-erties of Structural SealantsD3575 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials MadeFrom Olefin PolymersE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective SystemsImpact
10、ed by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic PressureDifferentials2.2 ASCE/SEI Standard:4ASCE/SEI 7 American Society of Civil Engineers MinimumDesign Loads for Buildings and Other Structures2.3 ANSI/DASMA Standard:5ANSI/DASMA 115 Standard Method for Testing SectionalGarage Doors and Rolling Doors: Determi
11、nation of Struc-tural Performance Under Missile Impact and Cyclic WindPressure2.4 Other Standards:6International Residential Code3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildingsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte
12、e E06.51 onPerformance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1996 14. DOI:10.1520/E1996-14A.2See the Significance and Use Section of Test Method E1886.3For r
13、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Al
14、exanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070, http:/w
15、ww.iccsafe.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 General terms used in this specification are defined inTerminology E631.3.1.2 Terms common to this specification and Test MethodE1886 are defined in Test Method E188
16、6, unless definedherein.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly elevationvertical dimension above adja-cent mean ground level at which fenestration or impactprotective system assembly is to be installed, measured to thelowest point of the assembly.3.2.2 basic wind speedthre
17、e-second gust speeds as de-fined in the latest edition of ASCE/SEI 7.3.2.3 combination mulliona horizontal or vertical memberformed by joining two or more individual fenestration unitstogether without a mullion stiffener.3.2.4 impact protective systemconstruction applied,attached, or locked over an
18、exterior glazed opening system toprotect that system from windborne debris during high windevents.3.2.4.1 DiscussionImpact protective systems includetypes that are fixed, operable, or removable.3.2.5 infillglazing in a fenestration assembly or curtainwall.3.2.6 integral mulliona horizontal or vertic
19、al memberwhich is bounded at both ends by crossing frame members.3.2.7 maximum deflectionGreatest deformation of an ele-ment or component under the application of an applied force.3.2.8 maximum dynamic deflectiongreatest deformationof an element or component during the missile impact.3.2.9 meeting r
20、ail or check railone of the two horizontalmembers of a sliding sash that come together when in theclosed position.3.2.10 meeting stileone of the two vertical members of asliding sash that come together when in the closed position.3.2.11 porous impact protective systeman assemblywhose aggregate open
21、area exceeds ten percent of its projectedsurface area.3.2.12 valleya pivoting axis of an impact protective sys-tem designed to rotate adjacent slats or panels outward.4. Test Specimens4.1 Number of Test Specimens:4.1.1 Fenestration Assemblies:4.1.1.1 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the l
22、argemissile test.4.1.1.2 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the smallmissile test.4.1.1.3 One additional test specimen may be submitted foreach of the tests should no more than one of the original threespecimens fail any portion of the testing.4.1.2 Impact Protective Systems:4.1.2.1 A minim
23、um of three test specimens shall be submit-ted for the large missile test for the largest span to be qualified.4.1.2.2 A minimum of three test specimens shall be submit-ted for the small missile test.4.1.2.3 One additional test specimen may be submitted foreach of the tests should no more than one o
24、f the originalspecimens fail any portion of the testing.4.1.2.4 For porous impact protective systems, the large andsmall missile tests shall be allowed to be performed on thesame specimens, or on separate specimens. If the large andsmall missile tests are performed on the same specimens, thesmall mi
25、ssile impacts shall be performed first, followed by thelarge missile impacts.4.2 Test specimens shall be prepared as specified in TestMethod E1886.4.3 The size of the test specimen shall be determined by thespecifying authority. All components of each test specimenshall be full size.4.4 Where it is
26、impractical to test the entire fenestrationassembly such as curtain wall and heavy commercialassemblies, test the largest size of each type of panel asrequired by the specifying authority to qualify the entireassembly.4.5 Fenestration assemblies and impact protective systemsintended to be mulled tog
27、ether shall be tested separately ortested by combining three specimens into one mounting frameseparated only by the mullions.5. Test Methods5.1 Test specimens shall be tested according to Test MethodE1886.5.2 Determine the missile based upon buildingclassification, wind speed, and assembly elevation
28、 according toSection 6.5.3 Location of Impact:5.3.1 Large Missile TestImpact each impact protectivesystem specimen and each fenestration assembly infill typeonce as shown in Fig. 1.5.3.1.1 Impact one specimen with the center of the missilewithin a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with the center of
29、the circle located at the center of each type of infill.5.3.1.2 Impact a different specimen with the center of themissile within a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with thecenter of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supportingmembers at a corner.FIG. 1 Impact Locations for Large Missile Test(E
30、ach Type of Infill)E1996 14a25.3.1.3 Impact the remaining specimen with the center ofthe missile within a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with thecenter of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supportingmembers at a diagonally opposite corner.5.3.2 Special Considerations:5.3.2.1 For test specime
31、ns containing multiple panels, im-pact the exterior glazing surface innermost from the exteriorplane of the fenestration assembly or impact protective systempanel innermost from the exterior.5.3.2.2 For test specimens containing fixed and operablepanels of the same type of infill, impact the operabl
32、e portion.5.3.2.3 For operable test specimens, a corner impact loca-tion shall be nearest a locking device and the other cornerimpact location shall be at a corner diagonally opposite.5.3.2.4 For test specimens with bracing at the specifiedimpact location(s), the impact location(s) shall be relocate
33、d tothe nearest area with no bracing.5.3.2.5 The impacts on accordion impact protective systemsshall be at the valleys located closest to the impact locationsshown in Fig. 1.5.3.3 Small Missile TestImpact each impact protectivesystem specimen and each fenestration assembly infill typethree times wit
34、h ten steel balls each as shown in Fig. 2.5.3.3.1 Each impact location shall receive distributed im-pacts simultaneously from ten steel balls. The impact shall bedescribed in the test report.5.3.3.2 The corner impact locations shall be entirely withina 250-mm (10-in.) radius circle having its center
35、 located at 275mm (11 in.) from the edges.5.3.3.3 The edge impact locations shall be entirely within a250-mm (10-in.) radius circle at the centerline between twocorners having its center located at 275 mm (11 in.) from theedge.5.3.3.4 The center impact location shall be entirely within a250-mm (10-i
36、n.) radius circle having its center located at thehorizontal and vertical centerline of the infill.NOTE 1Impact locations for small missile test may overlap dependingon the size of the specimen.5.4 Air Pressure Cycling:5.4.1 Air Pressure Differential:5.4.1.1 The air pressure portion of the test shal
37、l use the testloading program in Table 1. Select Pposand Pnegfor themaximum inward (positive) and maximum outward (negative)air pressure differential for which qualification is sought.5.4.1.2 The air pressure differential to be used for porousimpact protective systems shall be F (the design wind for
38、ce forother structures as specified in ASCE/SEI 7) divided by thehorizontally projected area of the entire assembly.5.4.2 Porous impact protective systems whose aggregateopen area exceeds 50 % of their projected surface area thatpass the small missile test and that are not subject to the largemissil
39、e test need not be tested for the air pressure portion of thetest described in this section.5.5 For impact protective system specimens that are testedindependently of the fenestration assemblies they are intendedto protect, measure, and record both the maximum dynamicdeflection and the residual defl
40、ection following the impact testand measure and record the maximum positive deflection incombination with the residual deflection during the air pressurecycling test. Measure all deflections to the nearest 2 mm (0.1in.).6. Missiles6.1 The specifying authority shall select an applicablemissile by def
41、ining a level of protection, a wind zone, and anassembly elevation above the ground.6.2 The applicable missile from Table 2 shall be chosenusing Table 3 or Table 4, unless otherwise specified.6.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, select the appropriate levelof building protection from 6.2.1.1 6.2.1.3 an
42、d enter Table 3or Table 4 at the appropriate column.6.2.1.1 Enhanced Protection (Essential Facilities)Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities,including, but not limited to, hospitals; other health careFIG. 2 Impact Locations for Small Missile Test(Each Type of Infill)TABLE
43、1 Cyclic Static Air Pressure LoadingLoadingSequenceLoading Direction Air Pressure CyclesNumber of AirPressure Cycles1 Positive 0.2 to 0.5 Ppos35002 Positive 0.0 to 0.6 Ppos3003 Positive 0.5 to 0.8 Ppos6004 Positive 0.3 to 1.0 Ppos1005 Negative 0.3 to 1.0 Pneg506 Negative 0.5 to 0.8 Pneg10507 Negativ
44、e 0.0 to 0.6 Pneg508 Negative 0.2 to 0.5 Pneg3350TABLE 2 Applicable MissilesMissile Level MissileImpact Speed(m/s)A 2 g (31 grains) 5 % steel ball 39.62 (130 f/s)B 910g100g(2.0lb0.25lb)24in.52.5 cm 100 mm (1 ft 9 in. 4 in.) lumber15.25 (50 f/s)C 2050g100g(4.5lb0.25lb)24in.1.2 m 100 mm (4 ft 4 in.) l
45、umber12.19 (40 f/s)D 4100g100g(9.0lb0.25lb)24in.2.4 m 100 mm (8 ft 4 in.) lumber15.25 (50 f/s)E 4100g100g(9.0lb0.25lb)24in.2.4 m 100 mm (8 ft 4 in.) lumber24.38 (80 f/s)E1996 14a3facilities having emergency treatment facilities; jails and de-tention facilities; fire, rescue and police stations, and
46、emer-gency vehicle garages; designated emergency shelters; com-munications centers and other facilities required for emergencyresponse; power generating stations; other public utility facili-ties required in an emergency; and buildings and other struc-tures having critical national defense functions
47、.6.2.1.2 Basic ProtectionAll buildings and structures ex-cept those listed in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.3.6.2.1.3 UnprotectedBuildings and other structures thatrepresent a low hazard to human life in a windstorm including,but not limited to: agricultural facilities, productiongreenhouses, certain temporary
48、facilities, and storage facilities.6.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, select the wind zone basedon the basic wind speed as specified in 6.2.2.1 6.2.2.3. ForBasic Protection buildings use the ASCE/SEI 7 VULTmap forrisk category II. For Enhanced Protection buildings use theASCE/SEI 7 VULTmap for risk c
49、ategories III and IV.6.2.2.1 Wind Zone 1130 mph (58 m/s) basic wind speed9.1 m(30 ft)#9.1 m(30 ft)9.1 m(30 ft)#9.1 m(30 ft)9.1 m(30 ft)Wind Zone 1 D D C A None NoneWind Zone 2 D D C A None NoneWind Zone 3 E D D A None NoneTABLE 4 Description of Levels for Rooftop Skylightsin One- and Two-Family DwellingsNOTE 1The term “One- and Two-Family Dwellings” includes allbuildings included under the scope of the International Residential Code.Level of Protection Basic ProtectionAssembly Elevation #9.1 m (30 ft) 9.1 m (30 ft)W
