1、Designation: E 2019 03Standard Test Method forMinimum Ignition Energy of a Dust Cloud in Air1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2019; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the minimum ignitionenergy of a dust cloud in air by a high voltage spark. .1.2 The Minimum Ignition Energy
3、 (MIE) of a dust-cloud isprimarily used to assess the likelihood of ignition duringprocessing and handling. The likelihood of ignition is used toevaluate the need for precautions such as explosion preventionsystems. The MIE is determined as the electrical energy storedin a capacitor which, when rele
4、ased as a high voltage spark, isjust sufficient to ignite the dust cloud at its most easily ignitableconcentration in air. The laboratory test method described inthis standard does not optimize all test variables that affectMIE. Smaller MIE values might be determined by increasingthe number of repet
5、itions or optimizing the spark dischargecircuit for each dust tested.1.3 In this test method, the test equipment is calibrated usinga series of reference dusts whose MIE values lie withinestablished limits. Once the test equipment is calibrated, therelative ignition sensitivity of other dusts can be
6、 found bycomparing their MIE values with those of the reference dustsor with dusts whose ignition sensitivities are known fromexperience. X1.1 of this test method includes guidance on thesignificance of minimum ignition energy with respect toelectrostatic discharges.1.4 This standard does not purpor
7、t to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in
8、 82. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and CokeD 3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeE 582 Test Method for Minimum Ignition Energy andQuenching Distance in Gaseous MixturesE 789 Test Method for
9、 Dust Explosions in a 1.2 LiterClosed Cylindrical VesselE 1226 Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Risefor Combustible DustsE 1445 Terminology Relating to Hazardous Potential ofChemicals2.2 IEC Standards:31241-2-3, 1994 Electrical Apparatus for Use in the Presenceof Combustible Dusts, Part
10、 2: Test Method, Section 3:Method for Determining Minimum Ignition Energy ofDust-Air Mixtures3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (See alsoTerminology E 1445):3.1.1 spark discharge, ntransient discrete electric dis-charge, which takes place between two conductors, which
11、areat different potentials. The discharge bridges the gap betweenthe conductors in the form of a single ionization channel.3.1.2 minimum ignition energy (MIE), nelectrical energydischarged from a capacitor, which is just sufficient to effectignition of the most easily ignitable concentration of fuel
12、 in airunder the specific test conditions.3.1.3 ignition delay time, nthe time between the onset ofdispersion of the dust sample into a cloud and the activation ofthe ignition source.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A dust cloud is formed in a laboratory chamber by anintroduction of the material with ai
13、r.4.2 Ignition trials of this dust-air mixture are then at-tempted, after a specific ignition delay time, by a sparkdischarge from a charged capacitor.4.3 The stored energy discharged into the spark and theoccurrence or nonoccurrence of flame are recorded.4.4 The minimum ignition energy is sought by
14、 varying thedust concentration, the spark discharge energy and optionallythe ignition delay time.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E27 on HazardPotential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.05 onExplosibility and Ignitability of Dust Clouds.C
15、urrent edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 201902.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolum
16、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from IEC Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva, 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.5 Ignition is determined by visual
17、observation of a flamepropagation away from the spark gap.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performinglaboratory tests to determine the minimum ignition energy of adust cloud.NOTE 1For gases and vapors, see Test Method E 582.5.2 The data developed by this test meth
18、od may be used toassess the spark ignitibility of a dust cloud. Additional guid-ance on the significance of minimum ignitin energy is in X1.1.5.3 The values obtained are specific to the sample tested, themethod used and the test equipment used. The values are not tobe considered intrinsic material c
19、onstants.5.4 The MIE of a dust as determined using this procedurecan be compared with the MIEs of reference dusts (using thesame procedure) to obtain the relative sensitivity of the dust tospark ignition. An understanding of the relative sensitivity tospark ignition can be used to minimize the proba
20、bility ofexplosions due to spark ignition.6. Interferences6.1 Dust residue from previous tests may affect results. Thechamber must be cleaned before a new product is tested.6.2 Problems may arise due to electrical shortcircuits whenusing conductive materials.7. Apparatus7.1 Test ApparatusAlthough a
21、number of different testapparatuses are used in practice, they all have the followingcomponents in common: A test chamber, spark electrodes, anda spark generation circuit. Various configurations of the sparkgeneration circuits are provided in the Appendix X1. Thepurpose of the test chamber is to pro
22、duce a uniform, nontur-bulent and known density dust cloud in air at the time ofignition. The clear plastic or glass Hartmann tube, typically 0.5or 1.2 L and the 20-L sphere apparatus have been foundsuitable for this test method. These vessels are described inRefs (1-3, 10)4and Test Methods E 789 an
23、d E 1226. These andother suitable chambers can be used provided that the calibra-tion requirements in 10.1 are met.7.2 Spark Generation CircuitThe Appendix describessome suitable forms of circuits, all of which shall have thefollowing characteristics:7.2.1 Electrode Material, such as tungsten, stain
24、less steel,brass, or graphite.7.2.2 Electrode Diameter and Shape,26 1 mm. Forcircuits in which high voltage is maintained across the sparkgap prior to spark breakdown, a significant fraction of theenergy stored in the capacitor may drain away as coronadischarges from sharp electrode tips prior to th
25、e spark dis-charge. This is increasingly important at low stored energies.Electrodes with rounded tips can be used to reduce coronaeffects that can occur with pointed electrodes, which may giveincorrect values of spark energy. If pointed electrodes are used,corona effects should be considered carefu
26、lly.7.2.3 Electrode Gapthe optimum spacing is typically ofthe order of 6 mm. For certain materials at low ignition energyvalues, however, the gap spacing may need to be reduced inorder to initiate the spark. Under these circumstances, the sparkgap can be reduced and the tests carried out with the la
27、rgest gappossible, but the gap should not be less than 2 mm.NOTE 2The capacitance of the electrodes and associated high voltagecables between the storage capacitor and the electrodes should be as lowas possible. It should be noted that cable capacitance may be of the order40pF/m depending on its con
28、struction, which represents significantadditional stored energy at low storage capacitance and high voltage. Thestray capacitance of these components must be measured to determine ifit needs to be taken into account when calculating the stored circuitenergy.NOTE 3Insulation resistance between electr
29、odes should be suffi-ciently high to prevent leakage currents prior to discharge. Typically, aminimum resistance between the electrodes of 1012V is required for aminimum ignition energy of 1 mJ, and 1010V for a minimum ignitionenergy of 100 mJ. Insulation resistance may decrease over time due tocont
30、amination of the surface with carbon and other materials. Theresistance may be directly measured across the electrodes. Alternatively, adecrease may be inferred by the inability to hold constant voltage on theisolated storage capacitor for the timescale of a test.NOTE 4Almost all electrostatic disch
31、arges in plant installations arecapacitive with negligible inductance. It has been found that for equalstored energies many dusts can be ignited more easily when a resistor oran inductance is placed in the discharge circuit to create longer durationsparks. Ideally, the MIE should correspond to circu
32、its whose dischargeduration has been optimized for the dust in question using, for example,an inductance.8. Safety Precautions8.1 Prior to handling a test material, the toxicity of thesample and its combustion products must be considered. Thisinformation is generally obtained from the manufacturer o
33、rsupplier. Appropriate safety precautions must be taken if thematerial has toxic or irritating characteristics. MIE-tests shouldbe conducted in a ventilated hood or other area havingadequate ventilation.8.2 Before initiating a test, check and secure the apparatus,fittings and gaskets to prevent leak
34、age.8.3 All enclosures containing electrical equipment must beconnected to a common ground.8.4 The test method should not be used with recognizedexplosives, such as gunpowder or dynamite; pyrophoric sub-stances; or, substances or mixtures of substances, which mayunder some circumstances behave in a
35、similar manner withoutconsidering the special hazards. Where any doubt exists aboutthe existence of a hazard due to explosive properties, expertadvice should be sought.8.5 Because the apparatus consists of a circuit with highvoltage components, adequate safeguards must be employed toprevent electric
36、al shock to personnel.8.6 The operator should work from a protected location,such as from outside a closed fume hood, in case of vessel orelectrical failure.8.7 Care should be taken not to clean acrylic Hartmanntubes with incompatible solvents, which can lead to embrittle-ment and cracking.4The bold
37、face numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E20190329. Sampling9.1 It is not practical to specify a single method of samplingdust for test purposes because the character of the material andits available form affect selection of the sampling procedure.9.2 Mi
38、nimum ignition energy decreases with decreasingparticle size (see Fig. 1). Although tests may be run on an“as-received” sample, explosible dust clouds often consistlargely of sub-200 mesh dust, which accumulates in suspensionwhen coarser bulk powder is handled. Therefore, it is recom-mended that the
39、 test sample be at least 95 % minus 200 mesh(75 m). In general, the sample tested should be at least as fineas the dust at the location being considered, which, in somecases, may require testing of sub-325 mesh or even finer dust.9.3 To achieve this particle fineness ($ 95 % minus 200mesh) the sampl
40、e may be ground or pulverized, or it may besieved.NOTE 5The operator should consider the thermal stability of the dustduring grinding or pulverizing.NOTE 6In some cases, it may be desirable to conduct dust deflagra-tion tests on material as sampled from a process because process duststreams may cont
41、ain a wide range of particle sizes or have a well-definedspecific moisture content. When a material is tested in the as-receivedstate, it should be recognized that the test results may not represent themost severe ignition hazards possible. Any process change resulting in ahigher fraction of fines o
42、r drier product may result in a lower MIE for theproduct.NOTE 7The possible reduction of the particle size due to attrition bythe dust dispersion system of the test apparatus should be considered.NOTE 8In sieving the material, the operator must verify that there isno selective separation of componen
43、ts in a dust that is not a puresubstance. Materials consisting of a mixture of chemicals may beseparated selectively on sieves and certain fibrous materials, which maynot pass through a relatively coarse screen may produce dust deflagra-tions.9.4 Minimum ignition energy for some dusts increases with
44、increased moisture content (see Fig. 2). Dusts should be testedeither in the dry state or approximating the moisture contentunder the handling conditions of interest. “Dry” samplesshould be transported to the test laboratory in sealed containersunder dry air or nitrogen, and then stored in a desicca
45、tor.Desiccants, such as phosphorus pentoxide, may be moreeffective than silica gel in removing residual moisture.NOTE 9There is no single method for determining the moisturecontent or for drying a sample. Sample drying equally is complex due tothe presence of volatiles, lack of or varying porosity (
46、see Test MethodsD 3173 and D 3175), and sensitivity of the sample to heat; therefore, eachmust be dried in a manner that will not modify or destroy the integrity ofthe sample. Hygroscopic materials must be desiccated.10. Calibration and Standardization10.1 Calibration tests should be carried out on
47、at least threedifferent reference dusts. The results shall be within thefollowing ranges (measured without inductance):Irganox 10105: MIE=1to6mJAnthraquinone: MIE=1to11mJLycopodium6: MIE=10to30mJPittsburgh coal7: MIE = 30 to 140 mJ10.2 In addition to the initial calibration and standardizationproced
48、ure, at least one standard dust should be retestedperiodically to verify that the dispersion and turbulence char-acteristics of the chamber have not changed.11. Procedure11.1 Test Description:11.1.1 Inspect equipment to be sure it is cleaned thoroughlyand in good operational condition.11.1.2 The com
49、bustible dust to be tested is dispersed in airat laboratory ambient test conditions in the test-apparatus, andthe dust cloud is subjected to a spark discharge from a chargedcapacitor.5Irganox 1010: Tetrakis-Methylene(3,5-di-(tert)-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane, available source: Ciba Specialty Chemicals,6Lycopodium Clavatum: Lycopodium is a natural plant spore having a narrowsize distribution with 100 % minus 200 mesh and a mass median diameter of ;28m.7The Pittsburgh coal has ; 80 % minus 200 mesh, a mass median diameter of; 45 m, and 36 % volatility.FIG.
