1、Designation: E2060 06 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forUse of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and applicationof coal combustion products (CCPs
3、) for use in the chemicalstabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. Theseelements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron,cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel,selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may beaccompanied by solidification of the
4、 waste treated. Solidifica-tion is not a requirement for the stabilization of many traceelements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and inreduced permeability of the stabilized waste.1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment ofwastes and especially wastewaters. Solidificatio
5、n/Stabilization(S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing freeliquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizingagent without the addition of other materials; however, stabi-lization or chemical fixation may also be achieved by usingcombinations of CCPs and other products
6、such as lime, limekiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others. CCPs usedalone or in combination with other reagents promote stabiliza-tion of many inorganic constituents through a variety ofmechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation ascarbonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microe
7、ncapsulationof the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formationof metal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).2Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue thatmust be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In thisguide, several tests are recommended to a
8、id in evaluating thelong-term performance of the stabilized wastes.1.2 The CCPs that are suited to this application include flyash, spent dry scrubber sorbents, and certain advanced sulfurcontrol by-products from processes such as duct injection andfluidized-bed combustion (FBC).1.3 The wastes or wa
9、stewater, or both, containing theproblematic inorganic species will likely be highly variable, sothe chemical characteristics of the waste or wastewater to betreated must be determined and considered in the selection andapplication of any stabilizing agent, including CCPs. In anywaste stabilization
10、process, laboratory-scale tests for compat-ibility between the candidate waste or wastewater for stabili-zation with one or more selected CCPs and final waste stabilityare recommended prior to full-scale application of the stabi-lizing agent.1.4 This guide does not intend to recommend full-scaleproc
11、esses or procedures for waste stabilization. Full-scaleprocesses should be designed and carried out by qualifiedscientists, engineers, and environmental professionals. It isrecommended that stabilized materials generated at the full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify labora-t
12、ory test results.1.5 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a componentof a pollution prevention program; Guide E1609 describespollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization ofCCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, andenergy.1.6 This guide applies only to CCPs produ
13、ced primarilyfrom the combustion of coal. It does not apply to ash or othercombustion products derived from the burning of waste;municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge orother refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood waste products; ricehulls; agricultural waste; or other noncoal fu
14、els.1.7 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state.The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine andcomply with applicable regulations.1.8 It is recommended that work performed under this guidebe designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers,and environmental prof
15、essionals.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1This
16、 guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2015. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous
17、 edition approved in 2006 as F2060 06. DOI:10.1520/E2060-06R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthe text.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
18、Standards:3C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forNeutralization of Waste AcidD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD422 Tes
19、t Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)Relations of Soil-Cement MixturesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by Sand-Cone MethodD1633 Test Methods for Compres
20、sive Strength of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD1635 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Soil-CementUsing Simple Beam with Third-Point LoadingD2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock
21、 by MassD2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregatein Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) (With-drawn 2007)4D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by theDrive-Cylinder MethodD3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Testsof Soil (Withdrawn 2014)4D3877 Test Methods
22、for One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste withWaterD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4842 Test Method for Determining the Resistance of SolidWastes to Freezing an
23、d Thawing (Withdrawn 2006)4D4843 Test Method for Wetting and Drying Test of SolidWastesD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5239 Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soi
24、lStabilizationE1609 Guide for Development and Implementation of aPollution Prevention Program (Withdrawn 2010)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 advanced sulfur control (ASC) products by-pr
25、oductsgenerated from advanced coal conversion technologies includ-ing FBC and gasification and by-products from advancedenvironmental emissions cleanup technologies such as ductinjection and lime injection multiphase burners (LIMB).3.2.2 baghousea facility constructed at some coal-firedpower plants
26、consisting of fabric filter bags that mechanicallytrap particulates (fly ash) carried in the flue gases.3.2.3 beneficial useprojects promoting public health andenvironmental protection, offering equivalent success relativeto other alternatives, and preserving natural resources.3.2.4 BDATbest demonst
27、rated available technology.3.2.5 boiler slaga molten ash collected at the base of slagtap and cyclone boilers that is quenched in a water-filledhopper and shatters into black, angular particles having asmooth, glassy appearance.3.2.6 bottom ashagglomerated ash particles formed inpulverized coal boil
28、ers that are too large to be carried in theflue gases and impinge on the boiler walls or fall through opengrates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the boiler. Bottom ashis typically grey-to-black in color, is quite angular, and has aporous surface texture.3.2.7 coal combustion productsfly ash, botto
29、m ash, boilerash, or flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material resulting fromthe combustion of coal.3.2.8 DSCdifferential scanning calorimetry.3.2.9 DTAdifferential thermal analysis.3.2.10 DTGdifferential thermal gravimetry.3.2.11 electrostatic precipitatora facility constructed atsome coal-fired powe
30、r plants to remove particulate matter (flyash) from the flue gas by producing an electric charge on theparticles to be collected and then propelling the chargedparticles by electrostatic forces to collecting curtains.3.2.12 encapsulationcomplete coating or enclosure of atoxic particle by an additive
31、 so as to sequester that particlefrom any environmental receptors that may otherwise havebeen negatively impacted by that particle.3.2.13 ettringitea mineral with the nominal compositionCa6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2O. Ettringite is also the familyname for a series of related compounds, known as a mineralg
32、roup or family, which includes the following minerals (1):Ettringite Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2OCharlesite Ca6(Si,Al)2(SO4)2(BOH4)(OH)12 26H2OSturmanite Ca6Fe2(SO4)2(BOH4)(OH)12 26H2OThaumasite Ca6Si2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)12 24H2OJouravskite Ca6Mn2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)12 24H2OBentorite Ca6(Cr,Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H
33、2O3.2.14 flue gas desulfurization materiala by-product ofthe removal of the sulfur gases from the flue gases, typicallyusing a high-calcium sorbent such as lime or limestone.Sodium-based sorbents are also used in some systems. Thethree primary types of FGD processes commonly used by3For referenced A
34、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.ast
35、m.org.E2060 06 (2014)2utilities are wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers, and sorbent injection.The physical nature of these by-products varies from a wet,thixotropic sludge to a dry powdered material, depending onthe process.3.2.15 fly ashcoal ash that exits a combustion chamber inthe flue gas. Coal fly as
36、hes are typically pozzolans. Some coalfly ashes also exhibit self-hardening properties in the presenceof moisture.3.2.16 pozzolanssiliceous or siliceous and aluminous ma-terials that in themselves possess little or no cementitious valuebut will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture
37、,chemically react with calcium hydroxides at ordinary tempera-tures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties.3.2.17 S/Ssolidification/stabilization.3.2.18 stabilization or fixationimmobilization of undesir-able constituents to limit their introduction into the environ-ment. Toxic compone
38、nts are immobilized by treating themchemically to form insoluble compounds.3.2.19 solidificationthe conversion of soils, liquids, orsludges into a solid, structurally sound material for disposal oruse, typically referring to attainment of 50 psi or strength ofsurrounding soil.3.2.20 XRDx-ray diffrac
39、tion.4. Significance and Use4.1 GeneralCCPs can have chemical and mineralogicalcompositions that are conducive to use in the chemicalstabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. Theseelements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron,cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybd
40、enum, nickel,selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may beaccompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidifica-tion is not a requirement for the stabilization of many traceelements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and inreduced permeability of the stabilized waste
41、. This guideaddresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent withoutaddition of other materials. S/S is considered the BDAT for thedisposal of some wastes that contain metals since they cannotbe destroyed by other means (2).4.1.1 Advantages of Using CCPsAdvantages of usingCCPs for waste stabilizatio
42、n include their ready availability inhigh volumes, generally good product consistency from onesource, and easy handling. CCPs vary depending on thecombustion or emission control process and the coal orsorbents used, or both, and CCPs contain trace elements,although usually at very low concentrations
43、. CCPs are gener-ally an environmentally suitable materials option for wastestabilization, but the compatibility of a specific CCP must beevaluated with individual wastes or wastewater throughlaboratory-scale tests followed by full-scale demonstration andfield verification. CCPs suitable for this ch
44、emical stabilizationhave the ability to incorporate large amounts of free water intohydration products. CCPs that exhibit high pHs (11.5) offeradvantages in stabilizing trace elements that exist as oxyanionsin nature (such as arsenic, boron, chromium, molybdenum,selenium, and vanadium) and trace ele
45、ments that form oxyhy-droxides or low-solubility precipitates at high pH (such as lead,cadmium, barium, and zinc). Additionally, CCPs that exhibitcementitious properties offer advantages in solidifying CCP-waste mixtures as a result of the hydration reactions of theCCP. These same hydration reaction
46、s frequently result in theformation of mineral phases that stabilize or chemically fix thetrace elements of concern.4.2 Chemical/Mineralogical CompositionSince CCPs areproduced under conditions of high temperature, reactions withwater during contact with water or aqueous solutions can beexpected. Mi
47、neral formation may contribute to the chemicalfixation and/or solidification achieved in the waste stabilizationprocess. One example of this type of chemical fixation isachieved by ettringite formation. Reduced leachability ofseveral trace elements has been correlated with ettringiteformation in hyd
48、rated high-calcium CCPs typically from U.S.lignite and subbituminous coal, FGD materials, and ASCby-products. These materials are the best general candidatesfor use in this chemical fixation process. Lower-calcium CCPsmay also be effective with addition of a calcium source thatmaintains the pH above
49、 11.5. Ettringite forms as a result ofhydration of many high-calcium CCPs, so adequate water mustbe available for the reaction to occur. The mineral andamorphous phases of CCPs contribute soluble elements re-quired for ettringite formation, and the ettringite formation ratecan vary based on the mineral and amorphous phase compo-sitions.4.3 Environmental Considerations:4.3.1 Regulatory Framework:4.3.1.1 FederalIn 1999, EPA completed a two-phasedstudy of CCPs for the U.S. Congress as required by the BevillAmendment to RCRA. At the conclusion of the f
