1、Designation: E 2073 09An American National StandardStandard Test Method forPhotopic Luminance of Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent)Markings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2073; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test
3、 method covers a procedure for determining thephotopic luminance of photoluminescent (phosphorescent)markings. It does not cover scotopic or mesopic measurements.1.2 When reference is made regarding photoluminescencein the text of this test method, it implies phosphorescence.1.3 The values stated in
4、 SI units are the standard. The valuesgiven in parentheses are provided for information purposesonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
5、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 2072 Specificat
6、ion for Photoluminescent (Phosphores-cent) Safety Markings2.2 Other Standards:Publication CIE No. 69 (1987) Methods of characterizingilluminance meters and luminance meters; Performance,characteristics and specifications33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms in Terminology E 284 and Termi-nology E
7、1316 are applicable to this specification.4. Significance and Use4.1 To assess how photoluminescent markings performunder identical test conditions, the luminance shall be mea-sured in accordance with this test method (see SpecificationE 2072).5. Apparatus5.1 Illuminance MeterTo measure the illumina
8、tion of theactivating light source on the surface of the photoluminescentmarking, use an illuminance meter calibrated to measureilluminance in lux (fc), with the following features: spectralerror, f18, #5 %; UV response, u, #0.5 %; resolution 1.0 lux;and linearity error, f3, #0.5 % (see Public. CIE
9、No. 69).5.2 Luminance MeterTo measure the photopic luminanceof photoluminescent markings, use a luminance meter with thefollowing minimum features (see Publication CIE No. 69):spectral error, f18, #5 %; UV response, u, #0.5 %; resolutionat least 0.1 mcd/m2; linearity error, f3,#0.5 %; signal-to-nois
10、e-ratio: at least 10:1 for all measurements. The instrument shallhave been calibrated within the preceding 12 months usingphotometric standards traceable to a national standards insti-tute.6. Sampling, Test Specimens and Test Units6.1 Method of SamplingTake a minimum of threesamples. Each sample sha
11、ll be of a minimum size of at least 45mm (134 in.) in diameter. Select samples at random. If amanufacturer, samples shall be representative of the productionlot, coded and identified to correspond to production batchcodes, and shall be numbered consecutively. Paints shall beapplied in compliance wit
12、h the manufacturers applicationinstructions.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance , and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.13 onPhotoluminescent Safety Markings.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyap
13、proved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 2073 - 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
14、 website.3Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
15、28-2959, United States.7. Conditioning7.1 Precondition all test specimens by placing them incomplete darkness until their residual luminance has fallen to0.3 mcd/m2or less, tested utilizing the luminance meterspecified under 5.2. Remove them immediately before per-forming the tests. No ambient or st
16、ray light shall be present.8. Procedure8.1 Ambient ConditionsThe ambient temperature duringdarkness preconditioning of specimens, activation and lumi-nance testing shall be 25 6 3C (77 6 5F). The relativehumidity shall not exceed 60 %. All luminance testing shall beperformed in a room whose ambient
17、light level is such that theluminance of a white diffuse reflectance standard is at least onedecade lower than the lowest test specimen luminance mea-surement to be recorded.8.2 Preparation of ApparatusThe luminance meter shallbe zeroed prior to every measurement, then checked immedi-ately after the
18、 measurement and the measurement shall berejected if the zero drifted by more than 5 % of the measuredvalue. The distance between the luminance meter and themeasured test specimen, and also the aperture angle of theluminance meter, shall be chosen in such a way that 30-mm(1516-in.) diameter of the p
19、hotoluminescent test specimen,which is of at least 45-mm (134-in.) diameter, is evaluated.8.3 ActivationActivate the photoluminescent markingspecimens with an unfiltered fluorescent cool white source oflight having a spectral power distribution similar to cool whiteF2 as described in Practice E 308
20、Table 4, of 40 W or less, witha correlated color temperature ranging from 4000 to 4500 K for120 min (610 s), providing an illumination of 21.6 lux (2 fc)61 % on the marking surface. The test specimen body tem-perature shall not exceed 30C 1 min after activation. Noambient or stray light shall be pre
21、sent during activation.Measure the activation with an illuminance meter as describedin 5.1. Direct illumination of marking surface is required andcan be accomplished with a black baffling system, black screenmesh system or by distance (see Appendix X2).8.4 LuminanceMeasure the photopic luminance of
22、allspecimens of the photoluminescent marking with a luminancemeter as described in 5.2 after 10 min 610 s and 60 min 610s and 90 min. 610 s.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Tested in accordance with ASTM Standard _Issue: _,9.1.2 Manufacturer of tested photoluminescent marking:Name
23、, Address, Phone, Fax,9.1.3 Specimen description: (clear item identification tomake specimens traceable to manufacturers data sheets),9.1.4 Beginning and end of conditioning: (fill in days andtime),9.1.5 Date of measurement,9.1.6 Instrument parameters and photometer serial number,9.1.7 Activation: (
24、fill in minutes, type of activating lightsource, illuminance in lux (fc),9.1.8 Ambient temperature and relative humidity,9.1.9 Photopic luminance measurement results in referenceto 8.4,9.1.10 List separately for all test specimens,9.1.11 Luminance in mcd/m210 min after activation hasceased,9.1.12 Lu
25、minance in mcd/m260 min after activation hasceased,9.1.13 Luminance in mcd/m290 min after activation hasceased,9.1.14 Test performed by: (persons name, title), and9.1.15 Signature:.;at:(describe test location) andcompany performing test: (full name, address, phone, fax).10. Precision and Bias10.1 Pr
26、ecision: Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn inter-laboratory round robin testing was conducted in 2005 and2006, using three photoluminescent product samples. Eightlaboratories participated by taking one measurement each ofsamples A and B, and by taking two measurements of sampleC.10.1.1 The samples were
27、 activated using an unfilteredfluorescent cool white source of light, 40 W or less, in the 4000to 4500 K range, providing an illumination of 21.6 lux (2 fc)for 60 min. at the sample surface.10.1.2 The 10-min., 60-min. and 90-min. values were re-corded. The details of the design of the experiment and
28、 theanalysis of the full data are given in ASTM Research ReportRR:E12:1003.410.2 Test ResultsThe precision information given in Table1, Table 2, and Table 3 is based on eight laboratories, threedifferent materials and one measurement for three time inter-vals. Sample C alone was tested in duplicate.
29、4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: E12-1003.TABLE 1 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2)after10MinutesMaterial Average SrSRrRA 15.571 . 1.690 . 4.732B 17.357 . 1.583 . 4.433C 62.293 1.718 8.612 4.810 24.113TABLE 2 A
30、fterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2)after60MinutesMaterial Average SrSRrRA 3.188 . 0.230 . 0.643B 3.638 . 0.226 . 0.634C 15.089 0.465 1.076 1.303 3.013TABLE 3 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2)after90MinutesMaterial Average SrSRrRA 2.063 . 0.207 . 0.578B 2.400 . 0.207 . 0.580C 9.894 0.323 0.700 0.905
31、 1.961E207309210.3 Concept of r (Repeatability) and R(Reproducibility)If Srand SRhave been calculated from alarge enough body of data, and for test results that wereaverages from testing the specimens, then:10.3.1 Repeatability, rIn comparing two test results forthe same material, obtained by the sa
32、me operator using thesame equipment, the two test results should be judged notequivalent if they differ by more than the r value for thatmaterial.10.3.2 Reproducibility, RIn comparing the test results forthe same material, obtained by different operators using differ-ent equipment on different days
33、in different laboratories, thetest results should be judged not equivalent if they differ bymore than the R value for that material.10.3.3 Standard Deviation, STheSinSRand Srstands forStandard Deviation, and so SRis the Standard Deviation of thereproducibility, and Sris the Standard Deviation of the
34、 repeat-ability.10.3.4 Any judgement in accordance with these two state-ments would have an appropriate 95 % probability of beingcorrect.10.4 BiasThis bias of this test method is unknown be-cause there is no accepted reference material.11. Keywords11.1 illuminance; luminance; photoluminescenceAPPEND
35、IXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PRECISION AND BIAS FOR ACTIVATION WITH CIE STANDARD ILLUMINANT A (SECTION 10 IN E 2073 02)X1.1 Precision: Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn inter-laboratory test method was conducted in 1998 based onprevious round robin tests. There were six product samples.Three measu
36、rements on each of the samples were taken andfive laboratories participated.X1.1.1 Samples A, D, and E were based on one type ofphotoluminescent pigment and Samples B, C, and F werebased on another type of photoluminescent pigment.X1.1.2 The samples were activated using a CIE StandardIlluminant A (2
37、856 K 6 20K) for 15 min, providing anillumination of 500 lux (approximately 46 fc) on the markingsurface. Measurements were taken at 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90 and120 min after activation had ceased.X1.1.3 For the sake of simplicity in the presentation of thedata, only the 10 and 60 min values will be sho
38、wn here. Thedetails of the design of the experiment and the analysis of thefull data are given in ASTM Research Report RR:E121000.5X1.2 Test ResultsThe precision information given inTable X1.1 and Table X1.2 is based on five laboratories, sixdifferent materials, and three measurements for two timein
39、tervals. All laboratories conducted the same procedure on thesame material.X1.3 Concept of r (Repeatability) and R(Reproducibility)If Srand SRhave been calculated from alarge enough body of data, and for test results that wereaverages from testing the specimens, then:X1.3.1 Repeatability, rIn compar
40、ing two test results forthe same material, obtained by the same operator using thesame equipment on the same day, the two test results should bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the r value forthat material.X1.3.2 Reproducibility, RIn comparing two test resultsfor the same material,
41、obtained by different operators usingdifferent equipment on different days (or two different labora-tories), the two test results should be judged not equivalent ifthey differ by more than the R value for that material.X1.3.3 Any judgment in accordance with these two state-ments would have an approx
42、imate 95 % probability of beingcorrect.X1.3.4 The analysis of the h values showed that two of thelaboratories consistently had high values. One laboratory wasconsistently on the positive, while the other was on thenegative side. The significance of this is not known at this stageand therefore no com
43、ments can be made.X1.4 BiasThe bias of this test method is unknownbecause there is no accepted reference value or material.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: E12-1000.TABLE X1.1 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2)
44、after 10MinutesMaterials Average SrSRrRSample A 223.61 6.62 12.43 18.55 34.80Sample D 139.21 1.01 7.68 2.83 21.49Sample E 132.13 1.65 6.12 4.63 17.14Sample B 6.43 0.13 0.54 0.36 1.51Sample C 8.15 0.12 0.80 0.35 2.25Sample F 8.40 0.19 0.76 0.52 2.11TABLE X1.2 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2) after
45、 60MinutesMaterials Average SrSRrRSample A 30.92 1.00 2.42 2.79 6.77Sample D 23.14 0.52 1.24 1.47 3.46Sample E 17.85 0.45 0.96 1.25 2.68Sample B 1.24 0.02 0.09 0.06 0.27Sample C 1.82 0.03 0.12 0.10 0.34Sample F 1.73 0.03 0.12 0.10 0.35E2073093X2. BAFFLING SYSTEMX2.1 Per 8.3 in this test method, dire
46、ct illumination of thephotoluminescent marking surface is required. The activatingsource of light shall not be pointed at another object (forexample, a nearby wall) to reflect its illumination onto themarking surface. Direct illumination can be accomplishedwith, for example, a black baffling system,
47、 black screen meshsystem or by adjusting the distance between the activatingsource of light and the marking surface such that the exactrequired illumination activates the marking surface. An ex-ample of a baffling system is shown in Fig. X2.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the valid
48、ity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subje
49、ct to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on
